日本落叶松人工林重茬林地土壤养分含量变化及其对林木生长的影响

日本落叶松人工林重茬林地土壤养分含量变化及其对林木生长的影响＊孙翠玲郭玉文郭泉水关键词日本落叶松人工林重茬地力衰退日本落叶松（Ｌａｒｉｘｋａｅｍｐｆｅｒｉ（Ｌａｍｂ．）Ｃａｒ．）生长快，适应性强，是北方重要的速生造林树种。我国落叶松人工林栽培面积已达...     

区域逼近与动态图形法求解大行程液压支撑机构参数及优化

为实现一种作业与运输兼用型地轮机构的状态转换,针对其结构特点研究一种非端部支撑的新型液压支撑方案,以满足在有限的安装空间内实现大工作行程的要求。在建立该机构力学及运动学模型的基础上,通过几何关系及动力约束条件进行参数的区域逼近;确定液压缸安装位置和参数的可行域后,运用动态图形模拟摆梁步进旋转时机构的运动情况,观测参数取值域曲线的运动状态,得出与可行边界线的交点,从而确定在液压系统压力16 MPa条件下,安装臂长度175 mm,安装臂距旋转点357 mm,液压缸缸体长度为916 mm,缸体内径为71 mm。研究及样机试用表明,非端部支撑对置双缸体液压支撑机构能够满足地轮状态转换的需要,且具有结构紧凑、工作行程大的特点。同时,该研究探索并证实了区域逼近与动态图形求解法在解决此类机构的优化与参数求解方面的可行性与有效性。     

Shortcut Approach Alternative to the Step‐by‐Step Conventional Soil Phosphorus Fractionation Method

Abstract

In an attempt to characterize the phosphorus (P)–supplying capacity of a soil and to understand the dynamics of soil P, a procedure was followed whereby consecutive extraction procedures were carried out on a soil sample, first by dialysis membrane tubes filled with hydrous ferric oxide (DMT‐HFO), followed by subsequent P fractionation procedure. However, this combined method is lengthy and time‐consuming, and an approach to shorten these P desorption studies in soils was important. The major objective of this article, therefore, was to present a shortcut method as an alternative approach to the combined fractionation method. Comparison of the sum of DMT‐HFO‐P_i, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)‐P_i, sodium hydroxide (NaOH)‐P_i, D/hydrochloric acid (HCl)‐P_i, and C/HCl‐P_i extracted by a conventional step‐by‐step method with the sum of DMT‐HFO‐P_i and a single D/HCl‐P_i extraction as a shortcut approach for all extraction periods resulted in a very strong and significant correlations. Both these methods were correlated with maize grain yield, and it was found to be highly significant. This study revealed that this shortcut approach could be a simplified and economically viable option to study the P dynamics of soils especially for soils where the P pool acting as a source in replenishing the labile portion of P is already identified.     

Effect of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Rhizosphere on Zinc-Release Kinetics

The primary factor that influences release of zinc (Zn) for plants is the rhizosphere. However, information about Zn-desorption characteristics in the rhizosphere is limited. A greenhouse experiment was performed to determine Zn-release characteristics in the bulk and the rhizosphere soils using a rhizobox. The kinetics of Zn release was determined by successive extraction with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)– triethanolamine (TEA) in a period of 1 to 504 h at 25 ± 1 °C in the bulk and the rhizosphere soils. Moreover, Zn extracted by using three extractants [DTPA-TEA, ammonium bicarbonate (AB)-DTPA, and Mehlich 3] in the bulk and the rhizosphere soils. The results showed that Zn extracted in the rhizosphere soils were significantly (P < 0.01) lower than the bulk soils. The mean of Zn release in the bulk and the rhizosphere soils were 5.31 and 4.91 mg kg^?1, respectively. Release kinetics of Zn conformed fairly well to power function, first order, parabolic diffusion, and simplified Elovich equations. The results of kinetics study indicated that release-rate coefficients decreased in the rhizosphere soils compare to the bulk soils. The correlation studies showed that Zn release after 504 h was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with Zn extracted by using DTPA-TEA, AB-DTPA, and Mehlich 3 in the bulk and the rhizosphere soils. The results of this research showed that Zn-release characteristics in the bean rhizosphere soils were different from the bulk soils.     

Long-Term Phosphorus Desorption Using Dialysis Membrane Tubes Filled with Iron Hydroxide and its Effect on Phosphorus Pools

Many agricultural fields that have received long-term applications of phosphorus (P) often contain levels of P exceeding those required for optimal crop production. Knowledge of the effect of the P remaining in the soil (residual effect) is of great importance for fertilization management. Plant P availability of residual P in soils is usually estimated using successive cropping experiments carried out in field or greenhouse studies. As this approach is very expensive and time consuming, more rapid soil test methods that can approximate this biological measure are required. The objective of this paper was to use a different approach to evaluate P availability (desorption) over a long period of time instead of the classical means of extraction. Thus, a modified sequential P extraction procedure using dialysis membrane tube filled with ferric hydrate solution (DMT-HFO) was used on the long-term P fertilized soils that received differential P treatments (PoLo, P₁L₁ and P₂L₁) to determine the changes in the different P pools and to relate these P fractions with maize yield. In this study, the contribution of both the labile and non-labile Pi fractions in replenishing the solution Pi was significant where as the organic fractions appeared to have limited contributions in replenishing the solution P. Highly significant correlations were observed between dry matter yield and the P pools extracted by HFO-P_i (0.997*), HCO₃-P_i (r = 0.994**), OH-P_i (r = 0.969**), OH-P_o (r = 0.944**), D/HCl-Pi (0.991**), and C/HCl-P_i (r = 0.997**). Strongly significant correlations were also observed between the different P fractions and plant P uptake. The C/HCl-Pi was the fraction that decreased most especially for the high P treatments indicating that this fraction contributed significantly to the P extracted by DMT-HFO. This suggested that this fraction might be a buffer to more labile P fractions. The combined method employed here could act as an analytical tool to approximate successive cropping experiments carried out under green house condition. But the applicability of this method at a field level should also be assessed. Data from a wider range of soils is also needed to evaluate the universality of this method.     

Origin and properties of humus in the subsoil of irrigated rice paddies

Stability of humus in the plow layer soil is considered to affect the quantity and quality of dissolved organic matter leached from the plow layer soil. Therefore, a model experiment was conducted to analyze the effect of soil reduction under submerged conditions on the stability of humus in the plow layer soil. The changes in the stability of humus in the plow layer soil during submerged incubations with and without rice straw application were evaluated based on the changes in the binding type of humus. Binding type of humus in the plow layer soil was analyzed by successive extractions of organic matter with water, 0.25 M Na₂SO₄, 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0), 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5), and 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5) with NaBH₄. Amounts of Fe, Mn, and Mg in each fraction were also determined to estimate the relationships between humus and metals.

The successive extraction of humus indicated that the amount of organic carbon which was extractable with the (NaBH₄ +0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇) solution decreased while that of the 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0}-extractable organic carbon increased during submerged incubation with rice straw application. The origin of the increase in the amount of organic carbon in the Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0)-extractable fraction during submerged incubation was investigated further by another incubation experiment using ¹³C-glucose as a reducing agent. Atom- 13C% analysis showed that the contribution of organic carbon derived from compounds other than glucose to the increase in the contents of humic acids and fulvic acids in the Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0)-extractable fractions was ca. 80%. Therefore, it was concluded that the binding type of humus changed from (NaBH₄ + Na₄P₂O₇)-extractable to Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0)-extractable humus under reducing conditions. Since the amounts of organic carbon and Fe increased in the Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0)-extractable fraction and decreased in the (NaBH₄ +0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇)-extractable fraction simultaneously, iron reduction was presumably associated with the change in the binding type of humus in submerged paddy soil.     

The NURBS human body modeling using local knot removal

These days consumers’ various demands are accelerating research on apparel manufacturing system including automatic measurement, pattern generation, and clothing simulation. Accordingly, methods of reconstructing human body from point-clouds measured using a three dimensional scanning device are required for apparel CAD system to support these functions. In particular, we present in this study a human body reconstruction method focused on two issues, which are the decision of the number of control point for each sectional curve with error bound and the local knot removal for reducing the unusual concentration of control points. The approximation of sectional curves with error bounds as an approximation criterion leads all sectional curves to their own particular shapes apart from the number of control points. In addition, the application of the local knot removal to construction of human body sectional curves reduces the unusual concentration of control points effectively. The results may be used to produce an apparel CAD system as an automatic pattern generation system and a clothing simulation system through the low level control of NUBS or NURBS.     

利用近红外高光谱图像技术快速鉴别西瓜种子品种

为了研究采用近红外高光谱图像技术对西瓜种子品种快速无损鉴别的可行性,该文采用近红外高光谱图像技术,通过提取西瓜种子的光谱反射率,结合Savitzky-Golay (SG)平滑算法,经验模态分解算法（empirical mode decomposition,EMD）和小波分析（wavelet transform,WT）对提取出的光谱数据进行去除噪声处理,采用连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm,SPA）和遗传-偏最小二乘法（genetic algorithm-partial least squares, GA-PLS）进行特征波长选择。基于全波段光谱建立了偏最小二乘判别分析（partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）,基于特征波长建立了反向传播神经网络（back-propagation neural network,BP NN)判别模型和极限学习机（extreme learning machine,ELM）判别模型。试验结果表明,基于特征波长的BPNN模型和ELM模型的结果优于基于全部波长的PLS-DA模型,基于SG预处理光谱提取的特征波长建立的ELM模型取得最优的判别效果,建模集和预测集的判别正确率均为100%。结果表明应用近红外高光谱成像技术对西瓜种子品种鉴别是可行的,为西瓜种子的品种快速鉴别提供了一种新方法。     

基于Voronoi cell的RNN_k近似查询与计算

在空间数据索引与查询研究领域中,反向k最近邻(RNNk)问题作为反向最近邻问题的泛化扩展近来受到更多关注.所谓RNNk查询就是找到所有以给定查询点为k个最近邻之一的对象点.为了有效地进行RNNk查询,利用分级的Voronoi cell和空间区域划分方法对查询结果进行有效过滤,避免了过多次最近邻查找计算.在初步得到的RNNk结果中,有针对性地分别利用平行于分割线的扫描线和局部扩展的查询区域Q进一步限定了RNN候选点.近似最小平均距离(AMAD)计算则可由近似的RNNk查询结果得到且不受k取值限制.实验结果表明了在3种不同数据分布情况下,本文算法与近似方法的效率和有效性.因此,通过充分利用对数据的过滤与查询空间修剪的近似方法,得到了具有较高查全率和准确率的近似查询和计算.     

Automatic detection of a damaged cutting tool during machining I: method to detect damaged bandsaw teeth during sawing

This paper presents an on-line method for detecting damaged teeth in the bandsaw using acoustic emission (AE) signal energy. The method is based on an analysis of differences in AE energies generated by normal and damaged teeth during sawing. Because of the difference in the amount of sawing, the AE energy was low for sawing by the damaged tooth and high for sawing by the normal tooth immediately after the damaged tooth. The ratio of AE energy for two successive teeth — a normal tooth immediately following a damaged tooth — was much greater than 1, whereas the ratio of AE energy for two successive normal teeth was close to 1. The results demonstrate that the technique using the AE energy ratio for two successive teeth is effective for on-line detection of damaged bandsaw teeth.Part of this paper was presented at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Chugoku Skikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tottori, October 1997