梨树渗灌技术的实践与效果

对金水梨树进行工程渗灌和的漫灌对比试验结果表明；工程渗灌能节水并可防涝，可增加土壤孔隙度，提高土壤养分含量，增加吸收根数量，促进树体的生长发育。     

Abbau von Isoproturon in Regenwurm‐Makroporen und in der Unterbodenmatrix – Eine Feldstudie

Degradation of isoproturon in earthworm macropores and subsoil matrix—a field study The objective is to compare the time scale of microbial degradation of the herbicide Isoproturon at the end of earthworm burrows with the time scale of microbial degradation in the surrounding soil matrix. To this end, we developed a method which allows the observation of microbial degradation on Isoproturon in macropores under field conditions. Study area was the well‐investigated Weiherbach catchment (Kraichgau, SW Germany). The topsoil of a 12 m² large plot parcel was removed, the parcel was covered with a tent and instrumented with TDR and temperature sensors at two depths. After preliminary investigations to optimize application and sampling techniques, the bottom of 55 earthworm burrows, located at a depth of 80–100 cm, was inoculated with Isoproturon. Within an interval of 8 d, soil material from the bottom of 5–6 earthworm burrows was taken into the laboratory and analyzed for the Isoproturon concentration for investigation of the degradation kinetics. Furthermore, the degradation of Isoproturon in the soil matrix, that surrounded the macropores at the field plot, was observed in the laboratory. Microbial degradation of Isoproturon at the bottom of the earthworm burrows was with a DT‐50‐value of 15.6 d almost as fast as in the topsoil. In the soil matrix that closely surrounded the center of the earthworm burrows, no measurable degradation was observed within 30 d. The clearly slower degradation in the soil matrix may be likely explained by a lower microbial activity that was observed in the surrounding soil matrix. The results give evidence that deterministic modeling of the fate of pesticides once transported into heterogeneous subsoils by preferential flow requires an accuracy of a few centimeters in terms of predicting spatial locations: time scales of microbial degradation in the subsoil drop almost one order of magnitude, in case the herbicides dislocates from the bottom of an earthworm burrow a few centimeter into the surrounding soil matrix. If at all, predictions of such an accuracy can only be achieved at locations at sites where the soil hydraulic properties and the macropore system are known at a very high spatial resolution.     

增施有机肥对稻田亚耕层土壤的培肥效应

通过大田试验,研究在施用化肥的基础上增施有机肥对耕层（0~15 cm）和亚耕层（15~30 cm）土壤养分含量及水稻产量的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,增施牛粪和饼肥明显提升了土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷含量：在0~15 cm土层,增幅分别为32.17%和10.96%、30.69%和6.56%、131.48%和31.74%;在15~30 cm土层,增幅分别为10.72%和4.77%、6.72%和3.64%、62.69%和11.40%。增施有机肥后水稻产量增加、年度间稳定性提升,其中增施牛粪后产量增加7.98%,变异系数降低3.90个百分点,增施饼肥后产量增加7.72%,变异系数降低3.20个百分点。水稻产量和土壤各养分指标均存在一定程度的正相关,其中在亚耕层产量与有机质、全氮、有效磷的相关系数均高于耕层。耕层和亚耕层土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷含量极显著（P<0.01）影响水稻产量的稳定性。综上,增施有机肥在提高耕层和亚耕层土壤养分含量、水稻产量及其稳定性上均有较好效果,耕层和亚耕层土壤养分状况对水稻产量及其稳定性均有显著影响,生产上要重视对亚耕层土壤的培肥。     

深松对干旱牧区天然牧场牧草生长的影响

为了解决干旱牧区天然牧场的雨水利用效率低的问题,通过对天然牧场进行全方位深松来增加雨水的利用效率。结果表明,深松后牧场的土壤密度平均下降0.14 g/cm3,牧场牧草的株高和产量增长量都比对照组有明显增加,平均增长率分别比对照组高42.98％和215.6％;水利用效率也相应提高,株高和产量的水利用效率增长幅度分别为13...     

Traffic-induced soil compaction during manure spreading in spring in South-East Norway

The objective of this study was to evaluate long-term effects of two tillage regimes (ploughing and minimum tillage) on the bearing capacity of a clay rich soil, by using two different slurry tankers (4.1 and 6.6 Mg wheel load) and contrasting wheeling frequencies (1 and 10 passes). The soil strength was assessed by laboratory measurements of the precompression stress (Pc) at ?6 kPa in topsoil (20 cm) and subsoil (40 and 60 cm) samples. Stress propagation, elastic and plastic deformation during wheeling were measured in the field with combined stress-state-transducer and displacement transducer system. Results presented in this study show that minimum tilled soil had 74% higher Pc than ploughed soil in the upper soil layer, whilst differences were less distinct in subsoil. Wheeling increased Pc at all soil depths. Compared to ploughing, higher strength in the upper layer of minimum tilled soil led on average to 60% and 48% reductions in the major principal stress with the use of the light and heavy slurry tanker, respectively. The extent of the major principal stress was dependent on the ground pressure in the topsoil. The first pass of a wheel caused the greatest damage in some cases, but all wheelings led to accumulative plastic deformation in both vertical and horizontal directions. Wheeling with high intensity would have exceeded Pc in all cases when soil was at a matric potential of ?6 kPa. The results show that soil water content is an important factor influencing bearing capacity. Drier soil (?100 kPa), in combination with minimum tillage, limited the occurrence of stresses exceeding Pc in the upper soil layer.     

Neoformation of pedogenic carbonate and conservation of lithogenic carbonate by farming practices and their contribution to carbon sequestration in soil

Land use change, tillage practices and straw incorporation are known to affect soil organic carbon (SOC) as well as soil inorganic carbon (SIC) turnover in agricultural soils. SOC and SIC, particularly pedogenic carbonates (PC), were assessed in a semi‐humid region of China to a depth of 160 cm. δ¹³C values were used to calculate the percentage of PC and lithogenic carbonates (LC) in the total SIC. Over the 39‐y period of intensive agriculture including 14 y of tillage × straw experiment, three treatments, i.e ., tillage with wheat and maize straw return (TWM), tillage with wheat straw return (TW), and wheat and maize straw return with no‐tillage (WM) showed an increase of PC compared to a native plantation plot (NP). The significantly higher SOC stock via no‐tillage was limited to top 1 m soil and there was no significant difference between tillage and no‐tillage treatments at 0–160 cm depth. The changes of SOC caused by the tillage and maize straw addition were negligible compared to the gain in PC. Tillage, crop residues incorporation and irrigation played an important role in the turnover of PC and LC. SIC accumulation resulted from combination of neoformation of PC and conservation of LC. Neoformation of silicatic PC sequestered at least 0.49, 0.47, and 0.29 Mg C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ in TWM, TW, and WM treatments, respectively, with reference to NP plot. We concluded that to evaluate the long term impacts of land use and farming practices on soil C storage, change of pedogenic and lithogenic carbonates and soil organic carbon in deeper soil profiles should be integrated on regional and global scales.     

Bacterial numbers and biomass in leachate and in subsoil of a submerged paddy field

By a leaching experiment with glass columns packed with submerged paddy soils, the relationships among numbers of total bacteria, total Gram-positive bacteria, culturare aerobic bacteria and a amount of bacterial biomass both in the leachate, and in the subsoil after leaching incubation were studied. The leachate from soil columns was collected every 3 d during the 30-d incubation period. The soil columns were packed with plow layer soil samples with and without rice straw (RS) amendment, and the subsoil column was connected to the plow layer soil column without RS. Numbers of total bacteria, culturable aerobic bacteria, and a amount of bacterial biomass in the leachate decreased with the incubation time. There was no correlation between the number of total bacteria in the leachate and the concentration of total organic carbon in the leachate. Bacteria less than 0.1 µsm³ in size predominated in the leachate, especially in that from the plow layer soil column with RS. Percentages of the number of Gram-positive bacteria in the leachate were very low (less than 7% of the total bacterial number), while the percentage in the subsoil after the leaching experiment was in the range of 21–82%. The sum of the number of bacteria percolated from the plow layer soil column with RS during the 30-d period of incubation and the sum of the amount of biomass C were 39 and 77% less than the corresponding values for the bacteria percolated from the plow layer soil column without RS. Percentages of culturable aerobic bacteria among the total bacteria ranged between 2.8 and 37% in the leachate, while less than 0.6% in the subsoil after the leaching experiment.     

Residual effects of sewage‐sludge application on plant and soil‐profile chemical composition

Abstract

Long‐term effects on plant and soil‐profile chemical composition imposed by a residential sewage sludge were studied on an Oxisol from Hawaii. Sludge was applied at 0, 45, 90, and 180 Mg/ha in 1983. An NPK‐fertilized treatment was included for comparison. Sudangrass (Sorghum bicolorL. Moench) was grown as a test crop in the 1983–84 and 1986–87 seasons. Soil samples for chemical analysis were taken in 1987 at three depths: 0–23 cm, 23–46 cm, and 46–69 cm.

Beneficial effects of sludge, measured 3 years after application (beginning of the 1986's planting), were evident by large yield increases on sludge‐amended soils relative to the unamended and the NPK‐fertilized soils. The first cutting produced approximately 5 Mg/ha of dry matter from the sludge treatments, regardless of rate, as compared with 3 and 1.5 Mg/ha from the NPK and the 0 treatments. Regrowths showed similar effect, though less dramatic; average yields were 2.6 Mg/ha with sludge and 1.6 Mg/ha without.

Heavy‐metal concentrations in plants were generally unaffected by sludge applications; probably because (i) heavy‐metal contents of the sludge were low, and (ii) soil pH was increased by sludge.

Remarkable increases in pH, exchangeable Ca and extractable P, and resultant decreases in exchangeable Al, in all three soil layers of sludge‐amended soils suggest that surface application of a low heavy‐metal sludge could serve to correct subsoil acidity and enhance subsoil P availability.     

心土层对水稻生长及产量影响的研究

为明确不同类型水田土壤心土层与水稻生长特性及产量的关系,采用盆栽方法研究了白浆土型水稻土、黑土型水稻土和草甸土型水稻土以及有、无心土层对水稻生长特性和产量的影响。结果显示:叶绿素含量在水稻分蘖期和抽穗期差异显著,成熟期差异不显著,顺序依次为草甸土型黑土型白浆土型水稻土,成熟期有心土层均比无心土层处理叶绿素含量高;不同土壤水稻株高有心土层大于无心土层处理,但差异不显著;不同类型土壤水稻干物质积累量成熟期土壤间差异显著,黑土型水稻土为245.66 g/盆、草甸土型为239.13 g/盆、白浆土型为182.77 g/盆,有心土层高于无心土层处理;水稻垂直根长土壤间差异极显著,依次为黑土型草甸土型白浆土型水稻土,有心土层均高于无心土层处理;根干重有心土层显著高于无心土层处理;水稻产量土壤间差异显著,黑土型水稻土最高,为143.84 g/盆,之后依次为白浆土型136.56 g/盆,草甸土型131.56 g/盆,有心土层高于无心土层处理;心土层对产量贡献率,黑土型水稻土产量贡献率最高,为24.8%,草甸土型为9.6%,白浆土型为5.9%。