运动荷载作用下Vlazov地基上梁的动力分析

采用Vlazov地基模型,研究了运动荷载作用下弹性地基上梁的动力响应问题.运用Fourier积分变换和留数定理对动力控制方程进行求解,得到了平面应变条件下覆盖于基岩的均质弹性层和非均质弹性层地基上梁的动力响应解析解,并进一步分析了荷载运动速度、地基厚度及地基非均质性等对梁变形的影响规律.研究结果表明,荷载运动速度、地基厚度及地基土的非均质性对梁的变形影响较大.     

降香黄檀种子贮藏及播前处理技术

经4种方法处理后测定降香黄檀种子发芽率,运用3种方式贮藏后播种测定降香黄檀的种子发芽率。播种后,用3种基质覆盖测发芽率和成苗率。结果表明播种前用60℃温水加高锰酸钾消毒30 min,再浸泡24 h的种子发芽率最高;17℃贮藏最适合规模育苗;用黄心土作为基质覆盖,效果最好。     

Soil Organic Matter Composition in Coastal and Continental Date Palm Systems: Insights from Tunisian Oases

In Tunisia, the coastal Chenini oasis is characterized by a lush vegetation cover, whereas more inland continental oases (e.g., the Guettaya oasis) have a very scarce vegetation cover. For sustaining date palm production in these areas, organic fertilizers are applied, either spread on the soil surface (in Chenini) or buried under a sand layer (in Guettaya). We examined at a molecular level how these management techniques affect soil organic matter composition in oasis systems. A dominance of fresh plant input for Guettaya was indicated by solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy signals, which was most pronounced in the uppermost soil close to palms. Evidence for more degraded organic matter was found in deeper soil near the palms, as well as in the soil distant from the palms. Amino sugar contents were low in the uppermost Guettaya soil near the palms. The overall microbial amino sugar residue contents were similar in range as those found in other dryland environments. With increasing distance from trees, the amino sugar contents declined in Guettaya, where the palms grow on bare soil, but this was not the case for Chenini, which has multi-layer vegetation cover under palms. In agreement with the results from previous dryland studies, the soil microbial community in both oasis systems was dominated by fungi in topsoil, and a shift toward bacteria-derived residues in subsurface soil. This might be due to higher variability of temperature and moisture in topsoil and/or lower degradability of fungal remains; however, further research is required to confirm this hypothesis.     

Denitrification Rate and Controlling Factors for Accumulated Nitrate in the Deep Subsoil of Intensive Farmlands: A Case Study in the North China Plain

Denitrification in subsoil(to a depth of 12 m) is an important mechanism to reduce nitrate(NO_3~-) leaching into groundwater.However, regulating mechanisms of subsoil denitrification, especially those in the deep subsoil beneath the crop root zone, have not been well documented. In this study, soil columns of 0–12 m depth were collected from intensively farmed fields in the North China Plain. The fields had received long-term nitrogen(N) fertilizer inputs at 0(N0), 200(N200) and 600(N600) kg N ha~(-1) year~(-1). Main soil properties related to denitrification, i.e., soil water content, NO_3~-, dissolved organic carbon(DOC), soil organic carbon(SOC),pH, denitrifying enzyme activity(DEA), and anaerobic denitrification rate(ADR), were determined. Statistical comparisons among the treatments were performed. The results showed that NO_3~- was more heavily accumulated in the entire soil profile of the N600 treatment, compared to the N0 and N200 treatments. The SOC, DOC, and ADR decreased with increasing soil depth in all treatments,whereas considerable DEA was observed throughout the subsoil. The long-term fertilizer rates affected ADR only in the upper 4 m soil layers. The ADRs in the N200 and N600 treatments were significantly correlated with DOC. Multiple regression analysis indicated that DOC rather than DEA was the key factor regulating denitrification beneath the root zone. Additional research is required to determine if carbon addition into subsoil can be a promising approach to enhance NO_3~- denitrification in the subsoil and consequently to mitigate groundwater NO_3~- contamination in the intensive farmlands.     

分层深松整地机的设计及试验的研究

针对在一年两熟地区小麦播前地表覆盖秸秆量大,以及深松机容易堵塞、消耗动力大等问题,在北方旱地区域,根据保护性耕作工艺,设计了一种与雷沃920拖拉机配套使用的分层深松整地机,并进行了田间试验。田间试验表明:分层深松整地机田间通过能力强,深松铲未出现堵塞,且碎土效果明显,地表平整,达到了深松要求。     

秸秆还田对黑土亚表层微生物群落结构的影响特征及原因分析

为明确切碎秸秆与秸秆颗粒对黑土亚表层土壤微生物群落结构的影响效应,从而评价不同秸秆还田方式对亚表层的培肥效果,该研究于2016—2018年在东北黑土区进行一次性玉米秸秆深埋还田试验,设置切碎秸秆低量(QS1)、切碎秸秆高量(QS5)、秸秆颗粒低量(KL1)与秸秆颗粒高量(KL5)4种秸秆还田处理,并与秸秆不还田(CK)进行对比,于每年玉米收获季对土壤理化指标及微生物菌群结构进行监测。结果表明,1)秸秆还田第1年,切碎秸秆处理显著提高土壤总磷脂脂肪酸含量及真菌摩尔百分数,其高量处理较CK最高增加71.0%和120.5%,而秸秆颗粒处理对细菌、革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的摩尔百分数增幅更显著,其高量处理最高增加41.6%、29.7%和26.3%;还田第2年高量处理显著提高各菌群磷脂脂肪酸含量,且切碎高量处理的真菌摩尔百分数含量显著高于颗粒高量处理21.0%;还田第3年仅高量处理下的菌群结构有显著分异。2)还田初期切碎秸秆处理显著提高真菌:细菌比值,而低量还田则对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌比有提高,随还田时间的增加,高量还田比值提高更显著,利于长期维持生态系统稳定性。3)秸秆高量还田可显著改...     

深翻结合心土与不同改土物料混合改良白浆土的效果

该研究通过设置心土混拌配施改土物料区和浅翻深松区进行小区对比试验,调查心土混拌配施不同改土物料对白浆土心土理化性质的改良效果,进而进一步拓宽白浆土心土改良途径。试验共设置浅翻深松区(CK);心土混合区(SML);秸秆+心土混合区(S+SML);秸秆+心土混合区+磷肥(S+SML+P),秸秆+心土混合区+石灰(S+SML+L);秸秆+心土混合区+石灰+磷肥(S+SML+L+P)6个处理。研究结果表明:1)与浅翻深松(CK)相比,深翻结合心土与不同改土物料混合能够改善心土层土壤物理性质,20~40 cm土层土壤含水率提高幅度为2.11~6.11个百分点;硬度降低40%~50%,且没有出现峰值;提高土壤通透性,改善土壤三相比值,固相降低幅度为8.5~9.97个百分点,液相增加幅度为2.82~5.41个百分点,气相增加幅度为3.89~6.65个百分点,容重下降幅度为10.13%~17.09%。2)提高心土层养分含量,碱解氮提高82.75%~121.63%,有效磷提高190.91%~681.82%,特别是添加磷肥处理变化明显,是对照处理6.5~6.8倍,速效钾提高20.7%~40.74%。有机质提高157.14%~185.71%。缓解土壤酸性,加石灰处理p H值提高0.45~0.47个单位。提高土壤全量养分,全氮提高45.76%~52.54%,全磷提高108.14%~144.19%,全钾提高8.10%~26.34%。3)连续两年提高作物产量。与对照区相比,第1年大豆增产13.42%~24.46%,第2年玉米增产13.43%~19.17%,一次改土后效时间长,增产效果显著。研究结果认为,心土混合配施秸秆、石灰和磷肥是白浆土区比较理想的心土改良技术,可为白浆土及其同类低产土壤改良及作物增产提供技术支撑。     

不同类型豆科植物对黄土母质生土的改土效果

以黄土母质生土为供试土壤,以不同类型豆科植物为生物材料,对生物改土效应进行研究.结果表明:①草木樨、苜蓿根际土壤容重在1.00～1.35 g/cm3之间,是最适宜的土壤容重范围;黑豆、大豆对0.25～3 mm之间团粒具有较强的作用;种植草木樨、苜蓿、黑豆、大豆后,土壤>0.5 mm水稳性团聚体的含量均在90%以上.草木樨、苜蓿、黑豆和大豆对土壤物理性质具有良好的改良作用.②草木樨、苜蓿、小冠花在短时期内对土壤氮素具有较强的补给作用;豆科牧草在生土地上生长两季后,对土壤0-60 cm土层氮素具有明显的衰聚效应;土壤表层有机质含量以小冠花最高;0-20 cm土壤表层速效P的含量均极显著高于其他层次的;红三叶和小冠花土壤速效K含量高于草木樨和苜蓿的.种植红三叶和小冠花对土壤表层肥田效果比草木樨和苜蓿占优势.③一年生高产植物大豆随生长进程的前、中、后期土壤N素表现了高-低-高的积累-消耗-再积累的过程,土壤N素循环较大.研究为生物改土、有机沃土提供了理论参考.     

Phosphorus fertilizer,soils, and site preparation influence loblolly pine productivity

Growth and yield of 12-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations were compared among five subsoil textures, seven site preparation methods, with and without phosphorus fertilizer. Phosphorus broadcast before planting increased the mean size of the loblolly pine trees. However, soil differences significantly influenced stand survival, and the method of site preparation significantly affected total stand yield. Therefore, the influence of phosphorus on total stand yield depended on soil type and site preparation method. The site preparation-fertilizer combinations yielding the most volume per soil type were: on the Lucy, Ruston, and Wagram soils, shear-windrow site preparation with phosphorus; on the Kirvin and Shubuta soils, chop-burn-harrow site preparation without phosphorus; on the Calloway and Henry soils, double chopping without phosphorus; on the Sawyer soil, chopburn-harrow site preparation with phosphorus; and on the Boswell, Cadeville, Gore, and Susquehanna soils, shear-windrow-harrow site preparation without phosphorus. Soil differences and phosphorus fertilization influenced the incidence of fusiform rust in 12-year-old stands of loblolly pine.     

A torque evaluation for a rotary subsoiler

There are many models describing the work of rotary tillers, including torque evaluation. However, the work of a rotary subsoiler is different from that of a rotary tiller, which cuts the soil into pieces and throws them behind the machine. The rotary subsoiler acts on the soil with pressure similar to passive narrow tines. However, the existing models of forces acting on passive implements refer only to their linear movement. In this paper, a hypothesis has been made that the methods used in predicting the forces on soil cutting narrow tines may be applied to a rotary subsoiler, taking into consideration the subsequent positions of the working element in soil and including some corrections connected to the rotary movement of such a tine. On this basis a new mathematical model for predicting torque for a rotary subsoiler in different soils has been developed. Because no theoretical models describing the work of rotary subsoilers can be found, the prediction of the torque requirement may be very important for designers, as well as for other experts applying such machines in the field operations. After development the model was verified in experiments performed in a soil bin, which proved the model to be reliable.