Sr2+在印度芥菜幼苗中的富集、亚细胞分布及贮存形态研究

为研究印度芥菜对Sr²⁺的富集、转运特性,解释超富集植物对Sr²⁺的解毒和富集机理,采用水培法培养印度芥菜幼苗至两片真叶,置于含锶[ρ(Sr²⁺)167(CK)~350 mg·L^-1]的营养液中处理7 d后取样,通过差速离心法和化学试剂提取法分离提取植物器官、细胞的亚细胞组分和不同化学形态的Sr²⁺,原子吸收分光光度法测定各器官(根、茎和叶)、各亚细胞组分及不同化学形态的Sr²⁺含量.结果显示:印度芥菜各营养器官对Sr²⁺的富集量为"叶> 茎> 根",地上部分含量占总含量的84.93%~90.46%,转移系数(TF)达到5.63~9.48;生物富集系数(BCF)达到8.21~12.34;各器官中Sr²⁺的亚细胞分布主要集中在细胞壁和可溶性组分中,相对含量达到95.62%~100%;细胞核、前质体、叶绿体和线粒体等细胞器仅含少量的Sr²⁺(<2.92%);Sr²⁺在印度芥菜根中主要以果胶酸盐、蛋白质结合态或吸附态存在,茎、叶中主要以水溶性有机酸盐和一代磷酸盐的形态存在.研究结果表明:质膜转运蛋白介导的跨膜运输是印度芥菜根系吸收Sr²⁺的主要途径,将Sr²⁺以结合态的形式富集到根部,再以水溶态的形式将Sr²⁺经茎部转运至叶中贮存;同时,通过细胞壁的阻滞作用,将Sr²⁺结合固定在细胞壁,并将进入细胞质基质的一部分Sr²⁺转运到液泡内,暂时或"永久性"存贮;通过区域化分布有效降低了细胞器、胞质溶胶(cytosol)及内含物中的Sr²⁺含量,极大地减缓了Sr²⁺对细胞器的功能性损伤,此为印度芥菜对耐受Sr²⁺胁迫的重要机理之一.     

Determination of strontium isotope ratio of brown rice for estimating its provenance

The strontium isotope ratio (⁸⁷Sr / ⁸⁶Sr) of brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) was determined by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) in order to evaluate the values of ⁸⁷Sr / ⁸⁶Sr for use in the estimation of the area of rice production. Sample solutions were prepared from 5 g of rice samples using the acid (HNO₃-HClO₄-HF) digestion method. Removal of rubidium from the sample solutions was performed using ion-exchange resin (Dowex 50W X8). The Sr isotope ratios were determined with a precision of < 0.01% (RSD, repetitions = 60) by MC-ICP-MS. Typical analysis time for a single sample was about 15 min, reflecting the high sample throughput. The Sr isotope ratios of the Japanese rice samples ranged from 0.706 to 0.709. The Sr isotope ratios of the Chinese and Vietnamese rice samples (0.710 to 0.711) were slightly higher than those of almost all the Japanese samples. Australian rice showed the highest Sr isotope ratio (0.715 to 0.717) among all the rice samples examined. In contrast, the Sr isotope ratio of Californian rice (0.706) was lower than that of almost all the Japanese samples. The variation in the ⁸⁷Sr / ⁸⁶Sr ratios for the rice samples analyzed in this study clearly demonstrated that the Sr isotope ratios could provide a key information for the estimation of rice provenance.     

Sawfish,read in tooth and saw: Rostral teeth as endogenous chemical records of movement and life-history in a critically endangered species

1. The ecology of endangered and rare species can be difficult to study owing to their low abundances and legal limits on scientist’s ability to catch, sample, and track them. This is particularly true of sawfish (family Pristidae), whose numbers have declined precipitously, placing all five species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species worldwide. Best known for their distinctive, toothed rostrum, the ecology, movement and life-history of sawfish are poorly understood.
2. Sawfish rostral teeth are modified placoid scales, which grow continuously throughout the life of the fish. This continuous growth, combined with their stable calcified makeup, makes sawfish rostral teeth a potential source of temporal records of chemical and isotopic changes through the life of the fish.
3. Rostral teeth are often preserved in museums and as curios, potentially providing a source of life-history data to inform conservation actions without the need for field study, or as an important compliment to it. This is the first study to recover temporally explicit chemical data from sawfish rostral teeth.
4. Using archived samples of largetooth sawfish (Pristis pristis) we show that multiple chemical tracers can be recovered from sawfish rostral teeth, and that these tracers can be used to understand movement across salinity gradients. We further show that sawfish rostral teeth contain repeated structures and indistinct banding which could potentially be used for ageing or growth analysis of fish.

     

Some effects of fly ash (from coal burning) on bush bean plants grown in solution culture

Abstract

Bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C. V. Improved Tendergreen) were grown for 14 days in 3700‐ml solution cultures with varying application rates of fly ash from a coal burning plant in California. Plants were also grown in a solution culture experiment in the presence of tiie chelating agent DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) and also in solutions acidified with HCl. The latter treatments were to determine if metals in the fly ash could be made more available to plants. The higher levels of fly ash (5 to 10 g/3700 ml) resulted in increased Ca, B, Si, Sr, and Ba in leaves, stems, and roots. No plants, however, appeared to have an excess of trace metals. In another experiment DTPA and HCl amendments failed to increase greatly the availability of trace metals from the fly ash in solution culture except for Zn. In this experiment the fly ash was the sole source of Ca and plants were deficient in Ca because insufficient fly ash was added. The fly ash resulted in increased Zn, Ca, Fe, Mn, B, Al, Si, Ti, Mo, Li, Sr, Ba in leaves, stems, and roots and increased V, Co, and Ni in roots. There was 3 to 4 μg/g Sn and 0.6 μg/g Be in the roots of plants grown with fly ash. In another experiment, fly ash supplied all the Ca necessary for plant growth without decreased yields resulting from any trace metal.     

丛枝菌根真菌强化高梁幼苗修复锶污染土壤的研究

研究选用高粱为修复植物开展锶污染土壤治理,通过添加不同丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF),包括地球囊霉、地表球囊霉、摩西球囊霉、透光球囊霉,比较不同AMF对幼苗期高粱修复锶污染土壤的调控作用。结果表明,与对照组(non-AMF)相比,AMF处理组的菌根侵染率均高于50%。与未接种AMF相比,接种AMF的高粱的生物量、株高和根长都显著增加(P<0.05),地球囊霉侵染高粱的地上和根生物量分别增加54.72%和53.26%,摩西球囊霉分别增加49.82%和37.92%。接种AMF的高粱都表现出显著的菌根依赖性(P<0.05),说明丛枝菌根真菌促进高粱生长。其中最显著的是地球囊霉和摩西球囊霉,菌根依赖性分别为154.44%和147.61%。AMF处理的高粱,其叶片和根中的锶含量与对照相比显著增加(P<0.05),转运系数都高于1。地球囊霉侵染后高粱的地上部分和根中的锶含量分别增加了86.05%和30.18%。接种地球囊霉、摩西球囊霉和地表球囊霉后,土壤中的全磷含量和速效磷含量显著降低(P<0.05)。全磷减少了15.89%20.32%,速效磷减少了12.98%18.49%。接种AMF显著增加了土壤磷酸酶活性(P<0.05),与对照相比,增加了21.43%30.36%。地球囊霉、摩西球囊霉和地表球囊霉接种处理显著增加了土壤转化酶活性,增加了25.77%28.87%。综上所述,AMF能够促进高粱幼苗对锶的富集能力和耐受性,其中,接种地球囊霉的效果最好。     

Exchange resin cores for the estimation of nutrient fluxes in highly permeable tropical soil

There is an urgent need to improve the methods to estimate solute fluxes in soil, e.g. cumulative capture of leaching ions by exchange resin cores. We compared the suitability of different resin materials, core sizes, and installation procedures to assess nutrient leaching in a highly permeable, tropical Xanthic Ferralsol. Three different cation and anion resins, respectively, and two combined anion-cation resins were tested in laboratory experiments with respect to their removal and recovery of nutrients (Mg, NH₄⁺, NO₃^—) and total dissolved organic carbon (TOC) from solution. In a field experiment, cores with three different diameters (25, 100, and 200 mm) were installed either vertically from the soil surface or laterally from a soil pit. Cumulative leaching of NO₃^— and NH₄⁺ and of applied Sr was determined after 45 days. The combined anion and cation exchange resin (MB 20) showed satisfactory recovery of NO₃^— and NH₄⁺ from solution. None of the investigated resins could be used for TOC removal from solution due to high contents of soluble carbon compounds in the resins. Wetting and drying cycles did not affect the removal of solutes from solution or subsequent recovery from the MB 20 resin. Additionally, the combined resin MB 20 was easier to handle than separate anion or cation resins and was therefore used for further field experimentation. The smallest core size (25 mm) was not suitable for nutrient leaching determination due to high preferential flow along the inner core walls. The medium diameter cores (100 mm) showed the lowest variability and the best correlation between NO₃^— and Sr capture. They were easier to install and retrieve than the large diameter cores (200 mm), which posed serious handling problems and soil disturbance. The lateral installation caused significantly lower artificial flow in comparison to a vertical installation, which was shown by the lower Sr loss and slightly lower N capture. Therefore, a lateral installation of medium sized resin cores (100 mm diameter) from a soil pit was superior to the other alternatives tested in this study.     

富锶水体处理对大黄鱼耳石和肌体中锶含量的影响

利用富锶水体处理的大黄鱼(Larimichthy scrocea)耳石元素标记是小规格鱼体规模化标记的一种技术手段,而标记完成后鱼体中的锶残留量是否符合食品食用安全是增殖放流评估中重要一环。通过开展富锶水体对大黄鱼鱼苗的浸泡标记实验,探究受试鱼苗耳石Sr/Ca值对富锶水体标记过程的响应方式,研究耳石元素指纹标记稳定性,分析标记过程对受试鱼苗肌体和主要脏器中锶含量的影响。结果表明:经为期7d、锶浓度含量3倍于天然海水的富锶水体的浸泡标记,受试鱼苗在特定耳石区段的Sr/Ca值显著增大,形成了与对照组个体在该耳石区段Sr/Ca值上的极显著差异(P<0.01);该差异不随时间的推移而减弱,可视做上述处理过程所产生的耳石元素指纹标识。浸泡标记处理后,受试鱼苗肌肉、鳃、肝脏和肾中的锶含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。但随着时间的推移,锶含量逐渐下降;在天然海水中暂养59d后受试鱼苗肌肉和上述脏器中的锶含量均可衰减至对照组的水平。     

A process for recovery leaching of strontium from strontium waste residues using ammonia chloride

Experimental study of recycling strontium chloride from strontium waste residues was conducted with ammonia chloride as the leaching solvent. The effects of the granule diameter of strontium waste residues, the extraction time, the mass ratio between liquid and solid and the n(NH4Cl)/n(Sr) on the conversation ratio was investigated using orthogonal and single factor experiments. The results show that the optimal strontium conversation condition includes strontium waste residues of 0.054 mm in size, a two hour extraction time, a 3.3 mass ratio between liquid and solid, and 3.8 n(NH4Cl)/n(Sr). Under these conditions, the highest strontium conversation ratio reached 96%. The kinetics of the conversion process is fractal.     

Transgenerational marking of brown trout Salmo trutta f.f., using an 84Sr spike

The maternal transmission of a naturally occurring and non‐toxic minor isotope of strontium (⁸⁴Sr) to the central otolith region of the progeny of a typical European freshwater fish species, brown trout, Salmo trutta f.f. L. was accomplished. The focus was to apply minimum doses of a non‐toxic solution at physiological salt concentration to minimise potential adverse effects on the fish. Female spawners were intraperitoneally injected with doses of 12.5 and 30.2 μg ⁸⁴Sr kg^?1 fish. Eggs were stripped and the resulting progeny were reared in a hatchery for about 1 year before sampling the otoliths. Strontium isotope ratios in the otoliths of the offspring were measured by cross‐sectional line scans using laser ablation‐multiple collector‐inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐MC‐ICPMS). Otolith cores of marked juveniles showed a significantly elevated ⁸⁴Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio compared with control fish and to otolith regions created after hatching. Mass marking of cohorts of progeny from individually spiked brown trout with Sr isotopes is therefore possible for dispersal and migration studies without the necessity of handling eggs and applying other larval marking methods like immersion.     

大黄鱼耳石锶标志技术

利用六水合氯化锶进行大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼耳石的标记,探讨了锶元素对大黄鱼幼鱼耳石的元素指纹标记效果,分析了锶元素标记对大黄鱼幼鱼生长和存活的影响。结果表明:(1)阶段性倍增饲养水体中锶离子浓度可使标记组个体在特定耳石区段的Sr/Ca比值显著提升,形成与对照组个体和野生个体在该耳石区段Sr/Ca比值的显著差异(P0.01),标记组、对照组和野生个体在该耳石区段的Sr/Ca比值分别为(3.58±1.09)mmol/mol、(1.73±0.08)mmol/mol和(1.09±0.35)mmol/mol。此区段形成的Sr/Ca比值峰值可视作标记组个体的耳石锶元素人工标记。(2)标志组和对照组大黄鱼幼鱼的生长速率和存活率均无显著性差异(P0.05),表明此项标记技术对受标个体的生长和存活状况不会产生显著负面影响,可用作大黄鱼增殖放流鱼苗的规模化标记手段。