小麦秸秆截段覆盖对设施蔬菜产量和土壤性质的影响

以豆瓣菜和小麦秸秆为试材,低温季节按500 kg·(667m^2)^-1将小麦秸秆截成10 cm后覆盖并浅水种植豆瓣菜,高温季节按1 000 kg·(667m^2)^-1覆盖并浅水种植水蕹菜,研究了不同季节设施水生蔬菜田土表覆盖截段小麦秸秆的腐解规律以及对水生蔬菜产量品质和土壤性质的影响,以期为设施菜田土壤改良和小麦秸秆利用新途径提供参考依据。结果表明:经低温季节140 d和高温季节163 d的腐解,小麦秸秆腐解率分别为66.67%和85.00%;土表水层电导率前期迅速上升后缓慢下降,低温季节第3天达最大值1 180μS·cm^-1,高温季节第12天达最大值1 806μS·cm^-1;氧化还原电位表现为前期迅速下降,低温季节第3天降至-80 mV,高温季节第5天降至-180 mV,后期处理与对照变化趋势基本一致。与对照组相比,小麦秸秆还田可提高蔬菜的产量和品质,可有效增加设施土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾以及速效磷、钾的含量,提高土壤脲酶活性,降低土壤硝态氮含量。     

Changes in the relationship between species richness and belowground biomass among grassland types and along environmental gradients in Xinjiang,Northwest China

The association between biodiversity and belowground biomass (BGB) remains a central debate in ecology. In this study, we compared the variations in species richness (SR) and BGB as well as their interaction in the top (0-20 cm), middle (20-50 cm) and deep (50-100 cm) soil depths among 8 grassland types (lowland meadow, temperate desert, temperate desert steppe, temperate steppe desert, temperate steppe, temperate meadow steppe, mountain meadow and alpine steppe) and along environmental gradients (elevation, energy condition (annual mean temperature (AMT) and potential evapotranspiration (PET)), and mean annual precipitation (MAP)) based on a 2011-2013 survey of 379 sites in Xinjiang, Northwest China. The SR and BGB varied among the grassland types. The alpine steppe had a medium level of SR but the highest BGB in the top soil depth, whereas the lowland meadow had the lowest SR but the highest BGB in the middle and deep soil depths. The SR and BGB in the different soil depths were tightly associated with elevation, MAP and energy condition; however, the particular forms of trends in SR and BGB depended on environmental factors and soil depths. The relationship between SR and BGB was unimodal in the top soil depth, but SR was positively related with BGB in the middle soil depth. Although elevation, MAP, energy condition and SR had significant effects on BGB, the variations in BGB in the top soil depth were mostly determined by elevation, and those in the middle and deep soil depths were mainly affected by energy condition. These findings highlight the importance of environmental factors in the regulations of SR and BGB as well as their interaction in the grasslands in Xinjiang.     

低温驯化对南方小花蝽冷藏的影响

为探讨低温驯化对南方小花蝽雌成虫冷藏的影响,在室内15℃下饲养7 d作为低温驯化处理,研究了驯化后与未驯化的南方小花蝽雌成虫分别在4、6和10℃下冷藏其寿命、存活率和致死中时间（LT₅₀）的异同。结果表明,无论是否进行低温驯化,南方小花蝽雌成虫的寿命都显著大于对照（25℃下饲养）。在10℃冷藏条件下,是否经过低温驯化对南方小花蝽雌成虫寿命没有明显影响,但在4℃和6℃条件下,低温驯化能明显延长雌成虫的寿命,分别延长了80.7%和83.7%。南方小花蝽雌成虫存活率均随冷藏时间的延长而下降,在同一低温冷藏温度下经低温驯化处理的南方小花蝽存活率比未驯化的高。经低温驯化的南方小花蝽雌成虫在4、6和10℃冷藏时,其LT₅₀分别比未经驯化的延长了30.0%、57.8%和40.4%。以上结果表明南方小花蝽的寿命具有可塑性,低温驯化有利于南方小花蝽的冷藏,6℃可作为南方小花蝽长期储藏的温度。     

基于两性生命表的以朱砂叶螨为猎物的加州新小绥螨四川种群生长发育、繁殖及捕食率

为全面掌握加州新小绥螨四川种群的种群特征,本试验运用两性生命表开展了以朱砂叶螨为猎物的加州新小绥螨四川种群的生长发育、繁殖与捕食率研究。结果表明,加州新小绥螨四川种群不同发育阶段重叠,在雌成螨产卵期结束前雌成螨特定年龄-阶段存活率S_xj明显高于雄成螨。单位时间（12 h）特定年龄-阶段繁殖力f_x5、特定年龄繁殖力m_x最大值分别为1.74和1.12粒/雌,单雌总产卵量为49.28粒。种群内禀增长率为0.27/d、周限增长率为1.31/d、净增殖率为26.61粒/个体、世代平均周期为12.34 d。在未成熟阶段,加州新小绥螨各螨态特定年龄-阶段捕食率C_xj均呈双峰型,雌成螨和雄成螨捕食率均随时间明显波动。加州新小绥螨取食朱砂叶螨的转化率为4.55、内禀捕食率为0.54、周限捕食率为1.72头。以朱砂叶螨为猎物时,加州新小绥螨四川种群表现出较好的个体发育、种群增长和捕食能力,可作为控制朱砂叶螨的生防资源,值得进一步研究和开发利用;同时朱砂叶螨可作为加州新小绥螨四川种群人工繁殖选择的猎物之一。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺拌种对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果及安全性评价

为减少水稻抽穗前田间稻纵卷叶螟的化学防治次数及用药量,降低对天敌的伤害及农药残留,最终实现稻纵卷叶螟的简约化防控,采用氯虫苯甲酰胺对水稻种子进行拌种处理,室内测定了药剂拌种对种子发芽的安全性,并结合不同栽培模式下的田间试验,评价了不同用量下氯虫苯甲酰胺拌种对稻纵卷叶螟的控制时长及保叶效果,明确了药剂拌种对天敌蜘蛛的影响及最终残留情况。结果表明:当氯虫苯甲酰胺按有效成分用量30~120 g/hm2拌种时,对种子的发芽率及出苗均无影响。直播稻模式下,氯虫苯甲酰胺按有效成分60 g/hm2拌种,播种后110 d,其保叶效果仍高达97.13%;旱育手栽秧模式下,氯虫苯甲酰胺按有效成分90 g/hm2拌种,播种后108 d保叶效果为82%以上,旱育机插秧模式下按有效成分90~120 g/hm2拌种,播种后90 d保叶效果仍在95%以上;3种模式下拌种处理的保叶效果及持效期均远优于常规喷雾防治。研究表明,利用氯虫苯甲酰胺对水稻种子进行拌种处理,可有效控制水稻前期及中期稻纵卷叶螟的为害,降低后期田间虫口基数,并且对田间天敌蜘蛛安全性高,同时在收获的稻谷中未检出氯虫苯甲酰胺残留(残留量低于定量限0.000 8 mg/kg)。在江苏省丘陵地区粳稻区应用氯虫苯甲酰胺拌种处理,可确保水稻直至抽穗初期无需再进行稻纵卷叶螟的防治,并可显著减少后期稻纵卷叶螟虫源基数,实现稻纵卷叶螟的简约化防治。     

Responses of subshrub sagebrush rangeland in North-Western China to changes in livestock numbers and rainfall over 10 years (2004–2013)

Seriphidium transiliense, or subshrub sagebrush, is one of the most important forage resources for livestock in many arid lands, but such resources have been threatened by overgrazing for a long time. A 2013 vegetation survey of an original sagebrush rangeland (2400?ha) in the Tianshan Mountains revealed that nearly half of the area once under sagebrush has been replaced by annual species. This is due to the continual and rapid increase in livestock numbers over the past 30?years. Three smaller sites with different grazing scenarios: no grazing (Site N), a decline (Site 1), and an increase (Site 2) in livestock numbers, were selected to monitor recent changes (from 2004 to 2013) in vegetation biomass and the degree of dominance by sagebrush. Supplanting happened at Site 2 but little occurred at Site 1. There were significant differences between Site 2 and Site 1 in standing biomass in Spring and Summer, but no significant differences in Summer between Site 1 and Site N. The supplanting of sagebrush marks the completion of a dynamic process – in which rainfall plays a crucial role – of damage to sagebrush from heavy grazing in drought years and its rehabilitation by light grazing in some good years. Plant biomass loss was greatest when the land was first subjected to heavy grazing. Sagebrush tends to exist as a sole-dominant species rather than a companion species in sagebrush communities. This suggests that sagebrush continued to survive in pockets where grazing pressure had declined.