一株产邻苯二酚假单胞菌的筛选及其发酵条件的优化

从土壤中筛选到44株产邻苯二酚的菌株．其中X16菌株转化苯甲酸钠产生邻苯二酚的活性最高，根据其形态特征观察、16SrDNA序列同源性比较．初步鉴定为假单胞菌（Psudomonas sp．）。经过发酵条件优化后，发现该菌最适发酵的碳氮源分别为苯甲酸钠6g／L和聚蛋白胨2g／L；最适温度为32℃；最适pH为6.7；最适发酵时间为22h。在上述发酵条件下，该菌产邻苯二酚的能力达到1mg／mL，比条件优化前提高了25％o。     

粤北岩溶山区土地石漠化过程的植被特征与多样性初步研究

粤北岩溶山区是广东省石漠化土地面积最大、程度最严重的区域。为了确定石漠化对植被生产力和物种多样性的影响,选择英德市岩背镇等地为研究样地,系统地调查了不同石漠化程度的植被特征和物种多样性变化,结果表明：随着石漠化程度的加深,石灰岩植被的生境向旱生化和岩生化发展,植物群落结构越来越趋于简单。植被盖度从轻度石漠化土地94.65%,降低到极重度石漠化的12.14%以下;现存生物量同样随着石漠化过程显著降低。同时,石漠化造成物种的数量和分布发生变化,物种多样性显著降低,从轻度石漠化到极重度石漠化,丰富度指数从1.61降到0.36,除从中度到重度石漠化阶段,丰富度指数都呈显著性下降趋势;Shannon-Wiener指数从轻度到中度、极重度显著下降;而Simpson指数显著增加。植被退化是石漠化发展的重要原因和标志。     

平原河网地区农村面源污染重点源和区的识别筛选——以上海青浦区为例

以地处平原河网地区的上海市青浦区为研究对象,通过清单分析方法和等标污染负荷法,以乡镇为单元研究了种植业、畜禽养殖、水产养殖和农村生活污水等农村面源污染来源,以及化学需氧量（COD）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）等污染物的排放量及其贡献率,并以青浦区水环境功能区划地表水环境质量标准为基准,评价及识别筛选了该区域农村面源污染主要来源及其重点区域。研究结果表明,青浦区农业面源污染COD、TN、TP实物排放量分别为2.68×103、0.85×103、0.11×103t·a-1,主要污染源为种植业,其等标污染负荷比达到53.07%,主要污染物为TN,其等标污染负荷比达到59.92%。通过农业面源污染排放强度分析,确定青浦区农业面源污染程度较重的乡镇主要为练塘镇、白鹤镇和金泽镇,建议在青东地区以农村生活污水处理和畜禽养殖污染治理为重点、在青西地区以种植业面源污染防治为重点,针对性地开展农村面源污染综合防治工作。     

不同环境胁迫对根系分泌有机酸的影响研究进展

综述了根系分泌有机酸种类、组成含量、来源、分析检测方法、影响因素及其作用。根系分泌有机酸是植物应对环境胁迫的一种适应性响应机制,在许多环境胁迫下诸如养分胁迫、水分胁迫和重金属胁迫条件下,植物通过根系释放有机酸到根际土壤中,不仅可以改变土壤的理化性质及微生物活性,还会影响土壤-植物界面的许多生理生化过程。通过深入研究不同环境胁迫对根系分泌有机酸的影响及机制,有助于更深层次地研究植物在逆境胁迫下的适应性机制。     

First record of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Grewia tenax</Emphasis> (Forssk.) Fiori in northern Oman,a valuable fruit producing shrub

Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori is a wild fruit species with multiple uses in different parts of the Tropics and Subtropics. It is common on the Arabian Peninsula and has also been recorded in southern Oman. To date, no record of the species exists for the northern part of this country. To close this distributional gap, three sites in the al-Hajar mountains of northern Oman were surveyed in summer 2005 and spring 2006. During the botanical fieldwork, several flowering and fruiting plants were found in Wadi Bani Awf and Wadi Muaydin. In the latter area G. tenax fruits are eaten by local people. In addition to G. tenax, nine woody perennials with edible fruit were recorded. In northern Oman, fruits of Sideroxylon mascatense (A. DC.) Penn. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. are widely collected and sold on local markets. G. tenax shrubs were found to be heavily grazed indicating its high palatability to goats and sheep. The occurrence of G. tenax in the al-Hajar mountains is a new record to the flora of northern Oman and calls for further investigation of botanists and germplasm collectors.     

Indicators of biodiversity, what do they indicate? - Lessons for conservation of cryptogams in oak-rich forest

In the Nordic countries, sets of Indicator (Signal) species, predominantly cryptogams, have been used as one measure to find forest stands which may harbour Red List species. Such data could potentially also be used to prioritise among stands for protection as nature reserves. We studied if the number of Signal species indicates the number of Red List species in oak-rich mixed forest in south Sweden. We also explored if species richness of the investigated groups is correlated with the number of Red List or Signal species. In 25 stands, we surveyed epiphytic and epixylic bryophytes and lichens, ground-floor bryophytes, and wood-living fungi. We studied correlations for two datasets; (1) all forest species and (2) deciduous forest specialists. When relating the number of Signal species to the number of Red List species for each taxon and in total, a significant correlation was found for temperate deciduous forest lichens. The number of Signal species was further significantly correlated to total species richness for lichens (all forest species) and for wood-living fungi (both datasets). The number of Red List lichens was correlated to total lichen richness (deciduous forest species). Signal species seem not to be unequivocal in prioritising potential reserves among valuable oak-rich woodlands and surveys by Red List species experts may be needed. Signal species may be more useful for finding relatively valuable sites in a matrix of production forest. Moreover, Signal species seem to be useful surrogates for total cryptogam species richness.     

Ecological consequences of invasive lake trout on river otters in Yellowstone National Park

The introduction of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park has contributed to a significant decline in the endangered Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri), leading to concern over the persistence of this subspecies but also to piscivorous predators in this community. We assessed the impact of lake trout on a key piscivore, the river otter (Lontra canadensis) in two lakes in Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone Lake continues to support a native cutthroat trout population, although the recent introduction of lake trout has dramatically impacted the cutthroat trout population. Nearby Lewis Lake has an entirely introduced fish fauna of lake trout, brown trout (Salmo trutta), and Utah chub (Gilia atraria) but lacks cutthroat trout. Analysis of otter scat from Yellowstone Lake implicated trout (lake or cutthroat trout) as a major prey item (57% of scat), whereas stable isotopes identified longnose suckers (Catostomus catostomus) as the primary prey there (58% of diet). By contrast, scat from Lewis Lake implicated minnows, presumably Utah chub, as the primary prey for otters occupying that lake (86%), while stable isotopes implicated brown trout (64%) over both lake trout and Utah chub (36% combined). Our data establish the importance of alternative prey to otters and suggest that lake trout-induced reductions in cutthroat trout may not be catastrophic for otter populations here. These data do not necessarily exonerate lake trout, as their impact on other species, most notably grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and piscivorous birds, has been documented to be substantial, and further data on the nutritional value of alternate prey are required to confirm or refute a working hypothesis that otter populations will continue to thrive in the face of the lake trout invasion.     

Tree species affect atmospheric CH4 oxidation without altering community composition of soil methanotrophs

Plant species exert strong effects on ecosystem functions and one of the emerging, and difficult to test hypotheses, is that plants alter soil functions through changing the community structure of soil microorganisms. We tested the hypothesis for atmospheric CH₄ oxidation by using soil samples from a Siberian afforestation experiment and exposing them to ¹³C-CH₄. We determined the activity of the soil methanotrophs under different tree species at three levels of initial CH₄ concentration (30, 200 and 1000 ppm) thus distinguishing the activities of low- and high-affinity methanotrophs. Half of the samples were incubated with ¹³C-enriched CH₄ (99.9%) and half with ¹²C-CH₄. This allowed an estimation of the amount of ¹³C incorporated into individual PLFAs and determination of PLFAs of methanotrophs involved in CH₄ oxidation at the different CH₄ concentrations. Tree species strongly altered the activity of atmospheric CH₄ oxidation without appearing to change the composition of high-affinity methanotrophs as evidenced by PLFA ¹³C labeling. The low diversity of atmospheric CH₄ oxidizers, presumably belonging to the UCSα group, may explain the lack of tree species effects on the composition of soil methanotrophs. We submit that the observed tree species effects on atmospheric CH₄ oxidation indicate an effect on biomass or cell-specific activities rather than by a community change and this may be related to the impact of the tree species on soil N cycling.     

Turning back the tide of American mink invasion at an unprecedented scale through community participation and adaptive management

Successful eradications of harmful invasive species have been mostly confined to islands while control programs in mainland areas remain small, uncoordinated and vulnerable to recolonisation. To allow the recovery of threatened native species, innovative management strategies are required to remove invasives from large areas. We took an adaptive approach to achieve large scale eradication of invasive American mink in North East Scotland. The project was centred on the Cairngorms National Park (Scotland), with the primary aim of protecting endangered water vole populations. The project was initiated by scientists and supported and implemented through a partnership comprising a government agency, national park authority and local fisheries boards. Capitalising on the convergent interests of a diverse range of local stakeholders, we created a coordinated coalition of trained volunteers to detect and trap mink. Starting in montane headwaters, we systematically moved down river catchments, deploying mink rafts, an effective detection and trapping platform. Volunteers took increasing responsibility for raft monitoring and mink trapping as the project progressed. Within 3 years, the project removed 376 mink from 10570 km² with the involvement of 186 volunteers. Capture rate within sub-catchments increased with greater connectivity to mink in other sub-catchments and with proximity to the coast where there is more productive habitat. The main factor underpinning the success of this project was functional volunteer participation. The project is a reason for optimism that the tide of invasion can be rolled back on a large scale where the convergent interest of local communities can be harnessed.     

农村环境污染识别方法与应用研究

本研究提出了基于农户分类的农村环境污染识别方法并用于实地研究。以经济活动类型、地理位置为基础,将农户分为典型种植户、典型养殖户、种养结合户、城郊农户4大类,并细划这4大类的污染类型,具体包括农户生活、农业种植、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、乡村旅游;识别各类型农户生产与生活全过程的污染源与污染强度,如单位面积化肥施用量、人均生活垃圾产生量等;统计区域内污染状况,通过估算污染源的贡献率,定量识别重点污染源与重点污染物;引入等标污染负荷率及水质指数,识别区域污染程度、主要污染类型。应用此方法在河北省曲周县进行实地研究,识别出曲周县重点污染物为TN,重点污染源为农业种植;农村环境引起的地表水TN污染指数为1.26,已经造成地表水TN超标;将曲周县10个乡镇污染类型分3类,种植养殖污染型、农业种植污染型和综合污染型。识别结果为有效控制不同区域农村环境污染提供必要的前提条件。