植被恢复与重建过程中小流域降雨及水沙变化特征研究

以女儿寨小流域为研究对象，着重研究了植被恢复与重建过程中小流域系统的降雨和水沙变化特征，并对植被恢复过程中的总体减沙水平做了分析。结果表明：①受大气环流的影响，小流域年际降雨量差异较大；小流域降雨年内时间分布极为不均，集中性很大，主要集中在汛期（4-8月），但年内降雨量的月间分布趋势基本一致。②小流域迳流年际变化很大，迳流年内分配不均。迳流集中是该小流域迳流变化的一个显著特征：小流域的植被恢复与重建对洪峰的出现和洪峰流量具有明显的延缓和削减作用。③径流（Qi）主要来源于降水（Pi），二者呈明显的一元线型关系：Pi=115．7678＋2．7386Qi。④小流域的年输沙模数与年迳流量的变化规律基本一致，小流域年内产沙也高度集中，且与降水、迳流关系密切，小流域的土壤侵蚀主要由汛期的强降水引起。⑤随着小流域大面积、高标准的生态环境建设，1990年至2004年间小流域的输沙模数呈锐减之势，植被恢复与重建起到了显著的减沙效应。     

The method for designing the profile of forest roads supported by genetic algorithm

This study examines a method for designing an optimum profile of a forest road in a short matter of time. In this method, a genetic algorithm (GA) searches for points where the gradient changes and dynamic programing (DP) designs the longitudinal slope. This method can be applied to the ground heights of an actual forest road. The evaluation function of the DP assesses the total expenditure. The inverse of this function is the fitness function. Crossover and mutation are operators of an evolution simulation of a GA. They are each repeated 20 times and 420 profiles are designed and assessed, all within about 10 min. A comparison of the profile designed by the GA with that of an actual forest road shows only one section where the formation level differed substantially. Overall, both profiles seem to show a high degree of correspondence. From this result, we believe that the profile designed by the GA is best, or the one of the best. A conventional method takes about 65 h to calculate all changing points of gradients. However, by using the GA, the calculation time was reduced to about 1/389 that of the coventional method, showing that the method which uses the GA through the profile design is very useful.     

加快转产项目建设积极进行产业、产品结构调整

本文结合大兴安岭地区的实际情况,以实施“天保工程”为出发点,分析了转产项目建设面临的诸多问题,并提出了改革建议和转产项目开发建设应遵循的原则及发展方向。     

森林土壤有机氮的X光吸收近边结构光谱技术测定

本研究通过采用氮的K边X光吸收近边结构(XANES)技术来了解森林土壤有机氮,以此深入研究土壤中有机氮种类与其转化的定量关系。土壤样品采自台湾中部的云杉、铁杉林与草地。结果表明,氮的 XANES 可以揭示样品中不同的氮的种类。在土壤腐植质、可溶性氮及本体土壤中胺态及吡咯氮占了主要的比率。然而不同处理及植被下的土壤样品氮的种类分布是不同的。云杉与铁杉土壤可溶性有机氮在402.3 eV 能量处有显著的差异。在A层土壤中,吡啶类氮含量要显著高于O层土壤,说明氮在不同土层中的转化率存在极大的差异,这种变化对于氮在森林土壤中的循环将起重要作用。图3表1参8。     

核桃叶片中氮、磷、钾含量及年动态变化规律研究

以早实核桃辽宁1号和晚实核桃礼品1号为例，分别测定早实核桃和晚实核桃叶片中不同生育期N、P、K的含量，结果表明，核桃叶片中N、P、K含量在幼龄叶中最高，整个生育期内核桃叶片中N、P、K含量总体上呈逐渐降低。早实核桃的N、P含量比同期的晚实核桃高，且差异极显著；而K含量无差异。     

换土垫层法处理地基及分析

本文作者通过多年实验,结合大庆工程实际,详细对比了四种施工方案,以及计算方法,并从中论述了如何选择最佳方案,具有指导意义。     

萝卜对土壤中全氟辛酸赋存形态影响及吸收特征

为探讨植物种植对土壤中全氟辛酸（Perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA）赋存形态影响及吸收特征,以根系发达的萝卜为代表性植物,通过盆栽试验,探究了不同浓度PFOA污染土壤中萝卜的生长、对PFOA的吸收利用及土壤中PFOA形态分布的变化。结果表明：萝卜的种植会显著改变土壤中PFOA的赋存形态,且存在浓度差异。与无种植组相比,种植萝卜显著提高了低浓度土壤中的PFOA有机结合态比例（12%）、降低了残渣态比例（10.5%）;显著降低了高浓度土壤中PFOA的可脱附态比例（4.9%）。萝卜可从土壤中富集PFOA,且地上部（茎、叶）富集能力显著高于地下部。低浓度（0.2 mg·kg^-1）PFOA暴露显著降低萝卜生物量,但高浓度（5 mg·kg^-1）并未对生物量产生显著影响。研究表明,萝卜种植可以改变污染土壤中PFOA的形态分布,进而影响PFOA对人类健康及环境的潜在风险。     

玉米收获机低损变径脱粒滚筒设计与试验

针对华北地区玉米收获时籽粒含水率较高、籽粒直收破碎率较高的问题,设计了一种变径脱粒滚筒。滚筒前端直径渐变增大直至与脱粒分离段等径,通过提高滚筒变径段果穗容纳能力,增强果穗之间柔性接触,有效“松散”籽粒之间及籽粒-芯轴之间作用力,使果穗更易于脱粒,从而实现籽粒与芯轴的快速分离,有效提高了脱粒速度,降低了籽粒破碎率。对果穗与脱粒元件受力进行分析,研究变径段锥度对果穗受力的影响。基于动力学仿真试验,分析了果穗与脱粒元件之间的接触力以及果穗-果穗和果穗-脱粒装置之间的接触频次,结果表明,变径滚筒提高了果穗之间的接触频次,降低了脱粒元件与果穗的直接接触,即变径滚筒中果穗之间接触揉搓作用更强。以滚筒转速、凹板间隙及籽粒含水率为试验因素进行了三因素四水平正交试验,确定最优组合为籽粒含水率26%、滚筒转速350 r/min、凹板间隙50 mm,此时籽粒破碎率为4.13%、籽粒未脱净率为0.34%。在籽粒含水率为27%时与等径滚筒进行了对比脱粒试验,按籽粒的完整性将破损籽粒分为全碎籽粒、裂纹籽粒、破皮籽粒及顶部破碎籽粒,结果表明,变径滚筒的籽粒总破碎率为4.64%,比等径滚筒的总破碎率降低19.16%,破损籽粒中全碎籽粒、裂纹籽粒及破碎籽粒所占比例均明显降低;变径滚筒未脱净率为0.42%,比等径滚筒的未脱净率降低51.72%,证明变径滚筒能够有效降低籽粒破碎率及未脱净率。     

乌鲁木齐市两污水厂处理工艺及出水水质比较

对乌鲁木齐市两家污水处理厂的工艺进行比较,分析这两厂出水水质的基本理化性质和重金属的形态。结果表明:甲厂采用不完全的"AB法工艺",对SS、COD Cr和BOD5有较强的处理效果,而总磷和氨氮去除效果不明显。其中,SS、COD Cr、BOD5、总磷和氨氮的去除率分别为43%,66%,74%,44%,48%。乙厂采用氧化沟工艺,对进水中的SS、COD Cr、BOD5、总磷和氨氮均有良好的去除效果,相应的去除率依次为81%,94%,96%,96%,88%。两厂出水中Cd含量虽未超标,但均以水溶态为主,两厂的工艺对Cd无去除效果。甲厂的出水水中Pb含量低于进水中Pb含量,但乙厂进水和出水中Pb含量无显著差异,均以水溶态为主。两厂出水中Zn含量下降,Cu含量无显著变化。     

The mbuna cichlids of Lake Malawi: a model for rapid speciation and adaptive radiation

Mbuna, the dominant fishes on the rocky shores of Lake Malawi, have become a major ‘model system’ for the study of rapid speciation and adaptive radiation. At least 295 putative species are known, of which more than 200 remain undescribed. There is no good evidence for monophyly in the mbuna, rather mitochondrial DNA phylogenies indicate that they are polyphlyetic with respect to benthic feeding cichlids of the genera Aulonocara, Alticorpus and some species of Lethrinops. Male mbuna hold territories for 18 months or more and breed year‐round. All species are maternal mouthbrooders, but females do not guard free‐swimming young. Mbuna are polygamous (both sexes). There is sexual dimorphism in size, colour and fin length, and many species show within‐population colour polymorphism. Mbuna genera are largely differentiated on the basis of head, jaw and tooth morphology, but congeneric species are generally distinguished by male colour. Many morphologically specialized forms have broad diets and often feed on common easily obtainable resources. While it is likely that dietary and habitat niche partitioning contributes to species coexistence, this has never clearly been demonstrated under experimental conditions. Populations on spatially separated habitat patches are often genetically differentiated, probably because most species are specialized for life on rocky shores, and lack a dispersal phase in their life histories. Males seem to disperse more than females, but are able to home several kilometres back to their territories. Some closely related ecologically equivalent allopatric populations are differentiated in male colour. Those tested have been shown to mate at least partially assortatively. Sexual selection acting on male colour seems the most plausible mechanism for initial species divergence. The same colour forms seem to have arisen several times, suggesting frequent parallel evolution. The main conservation threat to mbuna at present seems to be translocation of species within the lake as a result of the aquarium trade. However, deleterious effects on indigenous populations are not documented. In the long run, sedimentation, pollution, introduction of alien species and the development of targeted food fisheries could be more serious threats.