Use of treated mine water for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture: a production scale assessment

In previous proof-of-concept work, it was shown that the use of treated coal mine water for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture in a cage was technically feasible, though only a 50-fish bioassay was grown and no work on production-related issues was conducted. To further advance the use of treated mine water, an under-utilized water resource throughout Mid Appalachia, work was conducted to assess the effects of using treated coal mine water for the intensive production of rainbow trout in a flow-through system. During this study, comprehensive water quality data were collected to supplement fish weight and length data taken during routine monthly sampling events. The 8000 fish grew well in the raceway system over the 9 months of production, where a feed conversion ratio of 1.4 and a condition factor of 5.1 × 10⁻⁴ were measured with stocking and harvest densities of 26.4 and 50.2 kg/m³, respectively. Further, total net production was 3275 kg (7220 lb) with 98.6% survival. Throughout the study, dissolved ion concentrations (Fe, Al, Mg, Ca, and SO₄) often exceeded recommended tolerance limits. Further, elevated ammonia nitrogen concentrations generated from a component of the mine water-treatment process were identified as a potential limiting factor for aquaculture development. However, when the non-ideal effects of high ionic strength and the speciation of dissolved metal–ligand complexes were taken into account, the concentrations of free metal ions were within recommended tolerance limits.     

玉米收获机低损变径脱粒滚筒设计与试验

针对华北地区玉米收获时籽粒含水率较高、籽粒直收破碎率较高的问题,设计了一种变径脱粒滚筒。滚筒前端直径渐变增大直至与脱粒分离段等径,通过提高滚筒变径段果穗容纳能力,增强果穗之间柔性接触,有效“松散”籽粒之间及籽粒-芯轴之间作用力,使果穗更易于脱粒,从而实现籽粒与芯轴的快速分离,有效提高了脱粒速度,降低了籽粒破碎率。对果穗与脱粒元件受力进行分析,研究变径段锥度对果穗受力的影响。基于动力学仿真试验,分析了果穗与脱粒元件之间的接触力以及果穗-果穗和果穗-脱粒装置之间的接触频次,结果表明,变径滚筒提高了果穗之间的接触频次,降低了脱粒元件与果穗的直接接触,即变径滚筒中果穗之间接触揉搓作用更强。以滚筒转速、凹板间隙及籽粒含水率为试验因素进行了三因素四水平正交试验,确定最优组合为籽粒含水率26%、滚筒转速350 r/min、凹板间隙50 mm,此时籽粒破碎率为4.13%、籽粒未脱净率为0.34%。在籽粒含水率为27%时与等径滚筒进行了对比脱粒试验,按籽粒的完整性将破损籽粒分为全碎籽粒、裂纹籽粒、破皮籽粒及顶部破碎籽粒,结果表明,变径滚筒的籽粒总破碎率为4.64%,比等径滚筒的总破碎率降低19.16%,破损籽粒中全碎籽粒、裂纹籽粒及破碎籽粒所占比例均明显降低;变径滚筒未脱净率为0.42%,比等径滚筒的未脱净率降低51.72%,证明变径滚筒能够有效降低籽粒破碎率及未脱净率。     

Contrasting species boundaries between sections Alternaria and Porri of the genus Alternaria

The fungal genus Alternaria comprises a large number of asexual taxa with diverse ecological, morphological and biological modes ranging from saprophytes to plant pathogens. Understanding the speciation processes affecting asexual fungi is important for estimating biological diversity, which in turn affects plant disease management and quarantine enforcement. This study included 106 isolates of Alternaria representing five phylogenetically defined clades in two sister sub‐generic groups: section Porri (A. dauci, A. solani and A. limicola) and section Alternaria (A. alternata/tenuissima and A. arborescens). Species in section Porri are host‐specific while species in section Alternaria have wider host ranges. For each isolate, DNA sequences of three genes (Alt a1, ATPase, Calmodulin) were used to estimate phylogenies at the population and species levels. Three multilocus haplotypes were distinguished among A. dauci isolates and only one haplotype among A. solani and A. limicola isolates, revealing low or no differentiation within each taxon and strong clonal structure for taxa in this section. In contrast, 37 multilocus haplotypes were found among A. alternata/tenuissima isolates and 21 multilocus haplotypes among A. arborescens isolates, revealing much higher genotypic diversity and multiple clonal lineages within taxa, which is not typical of asexual reproducing lineages. A species tree was inferred using a Yule Speciation model and a strict molecular clock assumption. Species boundaries were well defined within section Porri. However, species boundaries within section Alternaria were only partially resolved with no well‐defined species boundaries, possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting. Significant association with host specificity seems a driving force for speciation.     

变化环境下灌区地下水动态演变趋势及驱动因素

以陕西省宝鸡峡灌区为研究区,从地下水系统与外部环境的关系出发,运用了线性趋势回归检验、Kendall秩次相关检验及Spearman秩次相关检验3种统计水文学方法,分析了近30 a(1981—2010年)灌区变化环境因素——降水量、蒸发量、地表水灌溉量及地下水开采量的变化趋势,结果表明:灌区降水量呈不显著下降趋势,平均年降水量倾斜率为-2.900 mm/a,而蒸发量呈波动上升趋势,平均年蒸发量倾斜率为3.270 mm/a,降水量和蒸发量两者具有互逆变化特征;灌区地表水灌溉水量呈显著下降趋势,而地下水开采量呈不显著下降趋势.基于GIS技术和地统计学方法,研究了灌区地下水位动态的时程演变趋势和空间分布特征,研究表明:1995—2005年,灌区西北部地区地下水位有明显下降趋势,10年间下降约7~8 m,中部乃至东南部也有小幅度的下降,下降不足1 m;2005年以后,灌区内仅在渭河北岸的武功、兴平南部及咸阳中南部有小幅度下降趋势.通过灰关联分析方法,识别了灌区地下水位动态变化的主要驱动因素,得知各影响因子的关联度都较大,均在0.5以上,且塬上灌区与塬下灌区地下水位动态变化的主要人类活动驱动因素分别为地表水灌溉和地下水开采.     

新疆达坂城地区52a来气温和降水变化特征分析

根据乌鲁木齐市达坂城气象站（1958—2009）的气温和降水资料,利用线性趋势函数及滑动平均法分析了气温和降水的变化趋势,并用Morlet小波变换对年气温和年降水量进行了小波分析。结果表明：近52a来达坂城地区年平均气温、平均日最高气温、平均日最低气温及春、夏、秋、冬季气温均呈上升趋势,其中90年代以来是气温上升最显著...     

南阳栽培大豆生态类型及利用研究 Ⅱ南阳大豆品种更替中农艺性状演变和发展趋势

研究了南阳大豆5个推广时期17个代表品种农艺性状的演变和发展趋势。结果表明,在大豆品种更替过程中,农艺性状演变表现为植株高度明显降低,百粒重、单株粒重和有效分枝数大幅度增加,底荚高和单株荚数趋于稳定,百粒重对单株粒重的提高起着决定性作用。从主要栽培品种种植比例变化情况看,其发展趋势为品种熟期变早;植株变矮,抗倒伏能力增强;粒型增大;品质改善。推广品种的变化,适应了南阳的生态条件、耕作栽培制度的改革以及商品流通的需要。随着生产水平的提高和生态育种的发展,大豆品种更替周期将进一步缩短。     

南极磷虾粉中氟形态及其分析技术

[目的]建立南极磷虾氟形态分析方法,为南极磷虾的开发利用提供技术支持.[方法]采用逐级化学—超声波浸提技术对南极磷虾粉中氟的赋存形态进行分析研究,并对提取条件进行优化.[结果]南极磷虾粉中氟的赋存形态可分为水溶态氟、可交换态氟、氧化态氟、有机束缚态氟和残渣态氟,分别占总氟的15.7%、17.1%、31.7%、21.5%和14.0%,总氟含量为2518.6 mg/kg,各形态氟含量次序为:氧化态氟>有机束缚态氟>可交换态氟>水溶态氟>残渣态氟.[结论]采用逐级化学—超声波浸提技术能有效地定量研究南极磷虾中氟的赋存形态.     

土壤中砷的形态和生物有效性研究现状与趋势

砷在自然界中分布极为广泛,与人类生活密切相关,在工农业生产活动中得到了广泛应用。但砷是高毒元素,在微量水平上就能对动植物体产生一定危害。砷的危害通过生物有效性予以表达,其生物有效性与其在土壤中的累积量及形态密切相关。本文就砷在土壤中的存在价态、与土壤胶体的结合形态、砷生物有效性及不同形态砷的测定技术与方法等方面进行了简要综述,并对未来相关领域的研究发展趋势作了展望,以期为深入开展土壤中砷形态及其生物有效性研究提供科学参考。     

Translocation of cave fish (Poecilia mexicana) within and between natural habitats along a toxicity gradient

During ecological speciation, diverging taxa have the potential to remain in close spatial proximity (i.e., sympatry or micro‐allopatry) theoretically allowing for continued contact and gene flow. In a system where incipient speciation of populations of the Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana) appears to be driven by abiotic factors, we investigated whether one of these factors, hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) toxicity, also constitutes an effective barrier to slow migration within and between habitats. We addressed this experimentally by translocating individuals from high toxicity to lower toxicity within a toxic cave and by translocating individuals from the toxic cave to a nontoxic surface habitat. Using a stepwise‐backwards Cox regression, we found that overall mortality was low, but statistically significant mortality occurred when individuals were transferred from higher toxicity to lower toxicity. In addition, only males were negatively affected by being transferred from low levels of toxicity to nontoxic, surface waters. This indicates that in addition to abiotic factors, other mechanisms, like predation and sexual selection, must be important in maintaining population separation.     

清末民初农会组织的流变

为了厘清近代中国农会的发展脉络,在阅读整理大量第一手资料的基础上,运用比较研究方法,对清末、民初农会组织、功能及与官方关系等方面进行深入对比分析.研究结果表明,民初官权的加重,使农会组织发展发生了收缩与变向.农会成为政府农政机关的辅助部门和乡绅权势的新载体,与设立农会的初衷背道而驰,最终导致农会组织沦落为官绅结合、控制农村的新手段.