From statistics to grids: A two-level model to simulate crop pattern dynamics

Crop planting patterns are an important component of agricultural land systems. These patterns have been significantly changed due to the combined impacts of climatic changes and socioeconomic developments. However, the extent of these changes and their possible impacts on the environment, terrestrial landscapes and rural livelihoods are largely unknown due to the lack of spatially explicit datasets including crop planting patterns. To fill this gap, this study proposes a new method for spatializing statistical data to generate multitemporal crop planting pattern datasets. This method features a two-level model that combines a land-use simulation and a crop pattern simulation. The output of the first level is the spatial distribution of the cropland, which is then used as the input for the second level, which allocates crop censuses to individual gridded cells according to certain rules. The method was tested using data from 2000 to 2019 from Heilongjiang Province, China, and was validated using remote sensing images. The results show that this method has high accuracy for crop area spatialization. Spatial crop pattern datasets over a given time period can be important supplementary information for remote sensing and thus support a wide range of application in agricultural land systems.     

How Could Agricultural Land Systems Contribute to Raise Food Production Under Global Change?

To feed the increasing world population, more food needs to be produced from agricultural land systems. Solutions to produce more food with fewer resources while minimizing adverse environmental and ecological consequences require sustainable agricultural land use practices as supplementary to advanced biotechnology and agronomy. This review paper, from a land system perspective, systematically proposed and analyzed three interactive strategies that could possibly raise future food production under global change. By reviewing the current literatures, we suggest that cropland expansion is less possible amid fierce land competition, and it is likely to do less in increasing food production. Moreover, properly allocating crops in space and time is a practical way to ensure food production. Climate change, dietary shifts, and other socio-economic drivers, which would shape the demand and supply side of food systems, should be taken into consideration during the decision-making on rational land management in respect of sustainable crop choice and allocation. And finally, crop-specific agricultural intensification would play a bigger role in raising future food production either by increasing the yield per unit area of individual crops or by increasing the number of crops sown on a particular area of land. Yet, only when it is done sustainably is this a much more effective strategy to maximize food production by closing yield and harvest gaps.     

Characterization of the morphological and physiological traits of rice cultivars with adaptation to unflooded condition during early vegetative growth

This study aimed to characterize the physiological and morphological traits that are associated with adaptation to unflooded soil conditions in rice. Four indica rice cultivars (Puluik Arang, Badari Dhan, Shwe Nang Gyi, and Ratul), which were previously identified as highly or less adaptable to unflooded soil conditions, were grown under flooded and unflooded (soil water potential; －0.10 MPa) soil conditions. Water uptake was measured every day for three weeks, and then the leaf water potential, the stomatal conductance, the dry matter weight, shoot and root morphological traits were measured. Puluik Arang and Badari Dhan exhibited greater leaf area expansion and higher maintenance of root development under the unflooded condition than that by other cultivars. The leaf water potential and stomatal conductance of fully expanded highest leaf in Puluik Arang and Badari Dhan were not affected by unflooded soil regime. Leaf area and root morphological traits were significantly correlated with water uptake regardless of soil moisture regimes. These results suggested that Puluik Arang and Badari Dhan exhibited great water uptake capacity through physiological and morphological adaptation of shoot and root traits to unflooded condition, resulting in great biomass productivity under the condition.     

遥感降水数据空间降尺度及干旱时空监测

在全球气候变暖的背景下,干旱灾害日趋频发。为全面精细研究华中地区降水的时空变化,结合水汽(PWV)、增强型植被指数(EVI)等数据,基于地理加权回归模型,结合克里金插值分别对2010—2019年的GPM IMERG和TRMM 3B43数据进行空间降尺度,并利用区域内53个气象站数据进行精度评价。对优选的降尺度数据采用变异系数法、Theil-Sen Median趋势分析耦合Mann-Kendall显著性检验方法及Hurst指数法,分析了华中地区的降水时空变化特征及其可持续性特征,并对未来降水趋势进行预测,最后构建归一化降水距平百分率(NPA)、标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI₁₂)来实现研究区的干旱时空监测。结果表明:降尺度处理后降水细节增强,能有效改善原始数据的高估现象,GPM数据降尺度数据比TRMM降尺度数据更接近实测数据;近10年华中地区降水时空分布差异较大,降水较高波动变化和高波动变化共占全区69.21%;10年间降水变化以非显著变化为主,其中,轻微增加地区占全区54.88%,轻微减小地区占全区40.41%;10年间降水变化趋势以弱(27.33%)、中(34.9...     

中国农业用水绿色效率时空分异及其驱动因素

[目的]探究中国农业用水绿色效率的时空分异及演变特征,分析中国农业发展现状,为进一步推进农业高质量发展提供科学参考。[方法]利用超效率(evidence-based model, EBM)模型测算2001—2020年中国大陆31个省区(不含港澳台地区)的农业用水绿色效率。在此基础上运用核密度(kernel density estimation, KDE)估计法进行非参数检验,并通过ArcGIS图示法探究全国不同地区农业用水绿色效率的时空分异及演进特征,最后利用地理探测器考察不同驱动因素对农业用水绿色效率的综合影响。[结果](1)2001—2020年全国农业用水绿色效率(各省年平均)经历了先上升后下降的变化。(2)全国的农业用水绿色效率在空间上呈现出“北低南高”“西低东高”的现象。(3)全国农业用水绿色效率地区差距呈缩小态势,存在动态收敛性特征,各个省份内部的农业用水绿色效率均存在不同程度的两极分化现象,其中西北地区的核密度曲线最为平缓,两极分化现象最为严重。(4)技术水平、资源禀赋、生态环境对中国农业用水绿色效率的影响程度整体高于经济发展水平。[结论]各省区应结合自身优势,从农业技术水...     

Understanding pathogen population structure and virulence variation for efficient resistance breeding to control cucurbit powdery mildews

Cucurbit powdery mildew (CPM) is caused most frequently by well-differentiated obligate erysiphaceous ectoparasites Golovinomyces orontii and Podosphaera xanthii, which vary in their ecology and virulence. All economically important cucurbit crops host both of these CPM species. Breeding of cucurbits for CPM resistance is highly important worldwide, but adequate knowledge of CPM species determination, as well as virulence structure, population dynamics, and spatiotemporal variation of these pathogens, has not yet been achieved. New tools have been developed to enhance research on CPM virulence variation for more efficient breeding and seed and crop production. A set of differential genotypes of Cucumis melo, with high differentiation capacity, may contribute substantially to understanding of variation in CPM virulence at both individual and population levels. Long-term observations (2001–2012) of CPM pathogens in the Czech Republic were used to analyse virulence variation within and among annual CPM populations and demonstrate the utility of recently developed tools for studying species variability and virulence variation of CPM pathogens worldwide. Detailed analyses of diversity and spatiotemporal fluctuations in the composition of CPM populations provide crucial information for shaping breeding programmes and predicting the most effective sources of race-specific resistance. The primary aim of this work was to create a uniform framework for determination of CPM species structure and diversity, virulence phenotypes, virulence and phenotype frequencies, phenotype complexity, dynamics, and variation within and among CPM populations. In addition, practical advice is presented on how to select the most relevant data and interpret them for use in cucurbit resistance breeding.     

含水率对安溪县花岗岩崩岗土体胀缩特性的影响

崩壁土壤水分变化是导致崩岗发生和发展的主要因素之一。降雨可以导致崩岗崩壁失稳发生崩塌,降雨过程中土体在不同含水率下的胀缩特性是决定崩壁失稳的关键因素之一。本研究以安溪县典型崩岗崩壁土体为对象,通过室内无荷膨胀率和线性收缩率试验,研究不同梯度含水率对崩壁不同土层胀缩特性的影响。结果表明:不同土层的无荷膨胀率均随初始含水率增大而减小,线性收缩率则相反。初始含水率与崩壁不同层次土壤无荷膨胀率之间存在着明显的指数递减关系,各土层拟合所得到的回归方程均可表达为:δ_e=ae⁽(–ω/b))+c,R²>0.96;初始含水率与崩壁不同层次土壤线性收缩率之间则存在着明显的指数递增关系,各土层拟合所得到的回归方程均可表达为:δ_sl=ae⁽(ω/b))+c,R²>0.96。对于同一土层,膨胀的变化幅度大于收缩的变化幅度。比较不同土层的膨胀和收缩变化幅度发现,红土层变化幅度最大,分别较砂土层高2.58%和3.33%,较碎屑层高3.61%和4.67%。这种不可逆的干湿胀...     

基于TVDI和气象数据的陕西省春季旱情时空分析

陕西省居于中国腹地,受干旱影响严重,开展遥感旱情监测工作,认识旱情的时空特征具有重要的现实意义。利用MODIS产品MOD11A2和MOD13A2构建NDVI-Ts特征空间,获取陕西地区温度植被干旱指数(Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index,TVDI),在利用土壤湿度和气象指数验证了TVDI反映旱情有效性的基础上,以TVDI为干旱指标分析了2000—2015年陕西省春季(2—5月)旱情的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)土壤相对湿度和降水量与TVDI均呈负相关,TVDI对降水量存在一定的滞后性;(2)近16年来,陕西省年年有旱,但春季旱情总体呈逐年减轻的趋势,年内2—5月旱情会逐渐加重;(3)空间上,近16年来陕西省春旱较为严重的地区主要分布在陕北北部以及关中东北部,而陕北南部、关中西南部及陕南地区旱情较轻。     

基于林业清查资料的桂西北植被碳空间分布及其变化特征

基于2005-2010年林业资源清查数据,采用材积源生物量法,运用地理信息系统技术,估算和分析了桂西北植被碳密度及其储量的空间分布及其变化。结果显示:(1) 研究区域从2005年到2010年呈现碳汇变化趋势,植被碳储量由4.19×10⁴t增加到4.27×10⁴t(增幅为1.84%),植被碳密度从29.04t/hm²增加到29.57 t/hm²。(2) 从治理措施、林种起源方式及林种类型来看,自然保护区的植被碳密度最大,超过40 t/hm²。2005-2010年,人工植苗、直播、飞播和萌生方式植被碳密度增加,退耕还林工程的植被碳密度均呈明显增长(增加3.00 t/hm²),所有林种碳密度都呈不同程度的增长。 (3)植被碳密度空间分布上,大致表现为西部高、中东部低,北部高、南部低。西部区植被碳密度均值超过40 t/hm²,中东部区植被碳密度均值低于25 t/hm²。植被碳密度变化在空间分布上表现为无论是非喀斯特区还是喀斯特区的植被碳密度都有增长趋势,其中有7个县市植被碳密度升级为更高等级。研究表明,随着退耕还林、生态移民等治理措施的实施,区域植被碳密度显著增加,生态环境好转。     

角倍蚜虫夏寄生盐肤木物候期的观察研究

角倍蚜虫夏寄主盐肤木物候期观察研究结果表明：坡向对物候期影响较大，不同坡向盐肤木的萌芽、展叶、开花、结实、落叶等物候现象存在一定程度的差异，出现最早的是南坡，最迟的基本上是北坡．福建南平适宜引种放养角倍蚜虫的展叶期是３月下旬至４月上旬；展叶早、速度快、历期短的是南坡，历期仅１０天，于３月底结束；历期较长的是东坡，约２０天，展叶盛期可持续到４月上旬；放养排序为：南坡＞山凹＞西坡＞北坡＞东坡．