Fatty acid,amino acid,and trace mineral analyses of five weaning foods from Jos,Nigeria

Five plant-based weaning foods (WF) (Dietrend, Jot-M, Soy, Ang and Vic-T) locallyprepared in Jos, Nigeria were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography,reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and atomicemission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma to determine theirfatty acid (FA), amino acid, and trace mineral contents, respectively.Results of these direct analyses were compared to expected values derivedfrom food composition tables prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Additionally, results were compared against recommendednutrient values, using breast milk as the standard for FA content andrecommended dietary allowances (RDA) for amino acid and mineral contents.The overall nutritional value of the five WF varied considerably and thequantities of particular nutrients determined by direct analysis differedmarkedly from those estimated using USDA food tables. Comparison of WFfatty acid composition relative to the RDA recommendations and a humanmilk standard revealed a much higher proportion of both linoleic (35–55wt%) and -linolenic acids (1%–7 wt%) relative to human milklipids (11%–12% and 0.8%–0.9% wt, respectively); however, the WFwere devoid of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Soy containedthe highest amounts of linoleic acid (59.7 mg/g) and -linolenicacid (7.46 mg/g) compared to the other four WF (10.2–41.0 and 0.35–3.18 mg/g, respectively). The linoleic acid/-linolenic acid ratio was within the recommended range (5:1 to 10:1) in only Jot-M (10:1)and Soy (8:1). Dietrend, Vic-T and Ang, containedlinoleic/-linolenic ratios of 12:1, 29:1, and 82:1, respectively.The Soy weaning food would provide the most protein (24.3 g/day), basedon an estimated daily intake of 65 g of weaning food by a normalsix-month-old infant, compared to Jot-M (11.9 g/day), Dietrend (11.7g/day), Ang (8.07 g/day) and Vic-T (7.26 g/day). The protein RDA forchildren up to 1 year of age is 13–14 g/day. Comparison of the mineralcontents of the WF to the RDAs for various minerals indicated that all fivewould provide suboptimal amounts of calcium (16 to 250 mg/day) andzinc (1.42 to 3.56 mg/day) compared to respective RDAs of400 mg/day and 5 mg/day.These data show that the Soy weaning food is an excellent source of linoleicacid and -linolenic acid, as well as being a good source of highquality protein. Jot-M and Dietrend provide useful amounts of the essentialFA; however, it is advisable to reevaluate the composition of Ang andVic-T to find ways to improve the linoleic/-linolenic ratio of eachand increase their total protein content. These results document theshortcomings of using published food composition tables based on foods inAmerica when devising weaning foods based on ingredients in another partof the world.     

鲁西南地区减量追肥对蒜套棉生长发育及经济效益的影响

为积极推进棉花减氮增效,实现农业提质增效和保护农田环境。以鲁棉1131、鲁棉37、鲁棉319、聊棉19为试验材料,设置氮磷钾配比肥施用量为0、225、300和375 kg/hm 2共4个处理,研究施肥用量对棉花农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明:棉花株高随着施肥量的减少而降低;单株结铃数随着施肥量的减少而减少,而单铃重相反;同一品种衣分各处理间无明显差异;各品种随着施肥量的减少籽棉产量先升高后降低,各个品种均在施肥量225 kg/hm 2下达到最大值;霜前花率和籽棉收益也在施肥量225 kg/hm 2下达到最大值;净收益最高的是不施肥处理。综合认为,在鲁西南地区高肥力蒜套棉地块无需对棉花进行追肥,可为鲁西南地区蒜套棉减肥增效提供数据支撑。     

鄂西南山区珍稀濒危药用植物资源调查研究

报道了鄂西南山区32种国家级珍稀濒危药用植物资源,介绍了其保护级别、分布、生境、药用部位、药用价值及资源状况,并结合鄂西南山区珍稀药用植物的现状,对资源保护提出了建议.     

2011年西南大西洋拖网渔获物阿根廷滑柔鱼生物学分析

根据2011年1月～4月双拖网船在西南大两洋作业时采集的901尾阿根廷滑柔鱼（lllex argentinus）样本,对其渔获群体组成、摄食等级、胴长-体质量关系以及性腺发育等进行了分析。结果表明,样本个体大小随采样时间的推移有明显增大趋势;小胴长组阿根廷滑柔鱼的摄食能力较大胴长组弱,摄食等级的高低与其繁殖高峰期有关。阿根廷滑柔鱼雌、雄初次性成熟胴长分别为191．6mm和182．6mm,性腺成熟度为Ⅴ期个体的平均胴长小于处于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期个体的平均胴长。综合分析推测,该研究采集的901尾样本为南部巴塔哥尼亚群体和夏季产卵群体的混合样本,在拖网作业后期,渔场补充了部分大个体的夏季群体。     

Prevalence of bovine genital campylobacteriosis and trichomonosis of bulls in northern Nigeria

Background

A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of campylobacteriosis and trichomonosis, and their concurrence with brucellosis, in cattle in three states of northern Nigeria.

Methods

A total of 602 preputial samples was collected from bulls in 250 herds and tested using culture and identification. Various indigenous and exotic breeds were studied and four major management systems were encountered. Age of the cattle was estimated using dentition, farm records or cornual rings.

Results

The estimated true animal-level prevalence of Campylobacter fetus infection was 16.4% (95% CI: 13.0-20.7), of which 18.5% was C. f. fetus and 81.5% was C. f. venerealis. Of the latter, 92% were C. f. venerealis biovar intermedius strains. Animal-level prevalences in Adamawa, Kano and Kaduna states were 31.8%, 11.6% and 8.3% respectively, and were highest in bulls >7 years old (33.4%) and in the Gudali breed (28.8%). Of the 250 herds, 78 (25.5%, 95% CI: 19.4-32.7) had at least one infected bull, and herd prevalence was highest in the pastoral management system (43.5%). After adjustment for confounding using multivariable analysis, the odds of C. fetus infection were highest in Adamawa state (P < 0.01), in the pastoral management system (P < 0.01), and in bulls >7 years old (P = 0.01), and tended to be higher in Bos taurus breeds (P = 0.06). There was a strong positive association between the presence of campylobacteriosis and brucellosis (P < 0.01), both within bulls (OR = 8.3) and within herds (OR = 16.0). Trichomonosis was not detected in any herds.

Conclusion

Bovine genital campylobacteriosis is prevalent particularly in the pastoral management system in northern Nigeria, with C. f. venerealis biovar intermedius as the major aetiology. There was a strong positive correlation between the occurrence of campylobacteriosis and brucellosis. No evidence of trichomonosis was found in herds in this study.     

登陆台风“泰利”对广西地区暴雨增幅特征分析

本文围绕2023年7月登陆我国华南沿海的2304号“泰利”热带气旋,利用CMA-STI热带气旋最佳路径数据集、NCEP/NCAR再分析I资料、NOAA每日(非插值)OLR资料,对登陆台风“泰利”在广西地区的暴雨增幅进行了特征分析。结果表明,登陆后的“泰利”被副热带高压、大陆高压、切断低压及副高延伸的高压脊包围,这样的环流形势有利于环流维持;“泰利”活动期间越赤道气流明显增强,索马里急流和80-90°E的越赤道气流在南海北部海域交汇后,将大量的水汽、动量和潜热能量注入登陆“泰利”环流,使其登陆后仍能维持一段时间;2023年7月第4侯,西南季风处于活跃期,触发低纬西南季风涌北传并侵入“泰利”环流,进而在广西地区产生暴雨增幅。此外,低层热力条件特征也是导致“泰利”暴雨增幅的重要原因。     

Population and Planting Pattern Effects on Intercropped Maize and Cowpea

Field studies on the nature of competition and the effects of various planting patterns on maize/cowpea intercrop yields were conducted in Southwestern Nigeria. Relative Crowding Coefficient values indicated that maize dominated cowpea. The magnitude of competition between maize and cowpea is related to season and nitrogen fertilizer. Based on grain yields, maize and cowpea compete for N only when it was applied but tended to derive it from different sources in the absence of applied N.
Spatial arrangements designed to increase light reaching intercropped cowpea included alternate and double rows of cowpeas between maize rows. These did not, however, increase grain yields of cowpeas over those intercropped with maize in the same row.     

Pattern of damage to early and late maize in southwestern Nigeria by the village weaverbird (Ploceus cucullatus)

Abstract

Village weaverbirds (Ploceus cucullatus Muller) normally feed on early maize in the morning (0800 to 1100 h) and evening (1600 to 1800 h) in southwestern Nigeria. However, when disturbed the birds feed during all the hours of daylight, and to be effective bird scaring would have to persist throughout the day. Developing grains are eaten, but rarely dry grains. The period of active bird scaring can therefore be reduced to about two weeks. In 1977 the mean percentage damage varied from 2.2 ± 0.3% in plots with dry ears to 34.1 ± 12.7% in plots with fresh ears, but in 1978 the situation was reversed with 17.7 ± 3.1% damage in plots with dry ears to 1.1 ± 0.2% in plots with fresh ears. The pattern of damage to early maize is associated with the annual rainfall, which determines the occurrence of lepidopterous larvae and wild sorghum (Sorghum arundicearum Stapf) which form alternative food items for the birds. Less than 2% of late maize ears was damaged since alternative food resources were abundant. Only early maize may need protecting from bird damage, but there was no definite relationship between time of planting and amount of damage caused.     

1971—2015年鲁西南地区旱涝演变时空分布特征

旨在分析鲁西南地区的旱涝时空分布特征。笔者利用鲁西南地区9个县区1971—2015年的逐月降水资料,采用不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数(SPI)分析旱涝变化特征。结果表明：鲁西南地区20世纪70年代以雨涝为主,80年代干旱加剧,90年代又转为雨涝,21世纪00年代干旱持续减弱,雨涝加剧;旱涝的季节变化呈现旱涝交替发生的特点,其中夏季雨涝发生较为频繁,春夏秋季的SPI线性变化趋势较为平稳,无明显的干旱或雨涝趋势,冬季雨涝呈微弱增多趋势,干旱减少,但变化趋势不明显;在旱涝的空间分布上,全区3个区域的旱涝变化趋势基本一致,整体均呈微弱的雨涝化趋势,但变化趋势未达显著水平;21世纪初期的旱涝变率最大,20世纪70年代—90年代前期的旱涝变率无明显变化,90年代后期至21世纪初期的旱涝变率呈现出明显的干湿变化。鲁西南地区的旱涝变化具有明显的阶段性,旱涝发生极为频繁,整体呈现出涝—旱—涝的变化过程。     

Yields of cocoa/kola intercrops in Nigeria

The yields of two intercropped cocoa/kola plots at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, (W8/1 and C3/1), were compared with the yields of monoculture plots (N4/A and W1/2). It was found that 1.75 ha of monoculture plot gave the same crop yield (kg/ha) as 1.00 ha of mixed crop. The cocoa component started fruiting earlier than kola and also continued to yield annuall so there was no crop failure in any year.