Melatonin and CIDR improved the follicular and luteal haemodynamics,uterine and ovarian arteries vascular perfusion,ovarian hormones and nitric oxide in cyclic cows

This study hypothesizes that melatonin with exogenous progesterone (CIDR) can improve follicular, luteal, ovarian and uterine haemodynamic of heat-stressed cows. Holstein cows (N = 12) studied for two spontaneous oestrous cycles during winter then divided equally during summer into the CIDR group received CIDR for 7 days and the melatonin group (Mel) received three injections of melatonin (75 mg/head) at the CIDR insertion, removal and ovulation days. Blood samples were collected to assay oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P4) and nitric oxide (NO). On day 0 (Ovulation), Mel had more small follicles (p < .05), higher ipsilateral and contralateral ovarian arteries (Ov.A.) peak systolic velocity (PSV), higher ipsilateral uterine artery (Ut.A.) PSV (p = .031) and blood flow volume (BFV), also Mel elevated contralateral Ut.A. PSV and BFV (p < .0001) but lowered contra Ut.A. pulsatility index (PI, p < .0001), E2 (p < .01) and NO (p < .0001). Mel increased the corpus luteum diameter (CL, p < .001), coloured area (p < .007) and P4 (p < .0001) on day 5 and reduced them (p < .05; p < .01) on Day 14. On day 10, Mel obtained CL diameter (p < .03) and coloured area (p < .002) of spontaneous that was higher than CIDR and decreased P4 (p < .003). Mel increased CL diameter, area and coloured area and decreased them thereafter. Mel increased the ipsilateral ovarian and uterine arteries PSV and BFV before ovulation and until day 8. Mel increased P4 and decreased NO until days 6 and 14. In conclusion, the improvement in follicular, luteal, ovarian and uterine haemodynamic and the decrease of NO production proved our hypothesis Melatonin doses higher than 75 mg/head is recommended to improve the heat-stressed cow's fertility.     

日粮中添加不同锰、锌源对肉鸡生长性能及免疫机能的影响

将216只1日龄健康艾维茵肉鸡随机分为4个处理组,试验期7周。处理组日粮分别在锰含量为37.66mg/kg、锌含量为21.87mg/kg的基础日粮中添加不同的锰源与不同的锌源,其中处理1组为无机锰 无机锌,处理2组为有机锰 无机锌,处理3组为无机锰 有机锰 无机锌,处理4组为无机锰 有机锰 无机锌 有机锌,研究不同锰、锌源对肉鸡生长性能及免疫机能的影响。结果表明,氨基酸螯合锰部分或全部替代日粮中的无机锰,肉鸡生长速度及饲料转化效率有增加的趋势,氨基酸螯合锰、锌同时替代无机锰、锌,肉鸡的生长速度显著增加(p<0.05),饲料转化率也有增加的趋势。氨基酸螯合锰、锌与无机锰、锌相比,有促进机体免疫机能的趋势。     

湘中南农田土壤重金属污染特征及源解析

湖南省部分农田存在重金属污染现象,不仅影响农作物生长,而且威胁人体健康。为进一步明确土壤重金属分布特征,定量解析污染来源,采集了湖南省重金属潜在风险区内典型水旱轮作区107个土壤样品、13个肥料样品和31个灌溉水样品,测定了其中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu 4种元素含量,并利用UNMIX模型对农田重金属污染源进行了解析。结果表明：研究区域内表层土壤Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu平均含量分别为背景值的5.22倍、4.58倍、1.10倍、1.49倍,其中Cd、Pb富集明显;对比国家土壤重金属二级标准,点位超标率分别为69.16%、5.61%、3.73%和6.54%,可见Cd污染尤为严重。肥料和灌溉水中Cd含量未超过我国有关限量标准。UNMIX解析结果表明,在郴州和衡阳区域,土壤表层Cd污染主要由工业活动（贡献率分别为66.15%和64.88%）引起,Pb污染同时受工业活动（贡献率分别为49.10%和54.28%）和交通运输及自然污染（贡献率分别为43.24%和50.23%）共同影响;在长沙区域,土壤表层Cd污染受农业源影响最大（61.50%）,而Pb污染主要与交通运输及自然污染综合源（94.29%）有关。综合3个研究区域,土壤表层Zn、Cu污染物主要来源于施肥和灌溉等农事活动。本研究结论可为湖南省典型水旱轮作区重金属污染防控和治理提供理论基础。     

松花江沉积物重金属时空变化与来源分析*

 以松花江白山至佳木斯段表层沉积物为研究对象,分析沉积物中Cu,Pb,Zn,As,Cr,Cd的分布特征,通过与已有的研究成果相比较,揭示沉积物中重金属的历史变化趋势;同时,采用相关分析和聚类分析方法探讨沉积物中重金属的可能来源。结果表明,各元素的含量分布均表现为自上游向下游逐渐减少的趋势,第二松花江沉积物中各重金属总量普遍高于松花江干流江段沉积物中相应重金属的含量。多数江段沉积物中的Cu,Cr,Cd含量处于背景范围内。沉积物中Zn量含在二松江段（白山-泔水缸）超出了背景范围,但松花江干流江段沉积物中的Zn含量多在背景范围之内。与1998年相比,哈达湾江段的生态环境状况得到了明显改善,但目前哈达湾重金属污染仍较严重,各重金属污染程度的次序为Pb＞Cu＞Cd＞Cr＞Zn。哈尔滨段沉积物中重金属Cu,Zn,Cr,Cd含量年际变化不大,Pb含量的变化趋势表现为自1996年至1999年逐渐降低,1999年至2005年呈逐渐上升的趋势。聚类分析与相关分析的结果均表明,Pb,Cd主要来源于工业排放;Cu,Zn,Cr主要源于自然释放;As主要来源于城市污水或农业生产过程中的排放     

低纬高原湖泊农业面源污染防治研究进展

摘 要：农业面源污染是各种导致水体污染的最主要的因素之一,在总体水污染中所占的比例不断增加,农业也逐渐成为水体富营养化最主要的污染源,其主要的污染物质是氮、磷营养元素,由于其具有随机性、污染物排放及污染途径的不确定性、污染负荷的时空差异性大等特征,长期以来控制农业面源污染成为水体污染防治的重点和难点。作者从氮、磷的流失方式、途径、形态和流失特征,影响氮、磷流失的主要因素及农业面源污染控制等三个方面,重点综述了低纬高原湖泊流域的农业面源污染及其防治的研究进展,具有重要的科研指导意义。     

农业面源污染生态拦截系统构建技术研究

湖北省水库环库库区多以阶梯式农地为主,农业面源污染已经成为水体污染的重要因素之一,控制农业面源污染成为当务之急。本文以宜昌市点军区王家坝水库为例,通过污染综合指数评价法评价水库水质,15个采样点的污染综合指数为2.95～4.16,平均污染综合指数值为3.55,水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)超标严重;同时在阐述农业面源污染的基础之上,论述生态拦截系统的原理及王家坝水库具体技术、措施,包括植物选种、生态壁、生态沟、生态塘等,为生态拦截研究提供一定参考。     

Effects of NPK source on the dry matter partitioning in cool season C3-cereals (wheat,rye, barley,and oats) at various growth stages

Dry matter (DM) partitioning into root, leaf, stem, shoot dry weight plant^?1 response in four cool season C₃-cereals viz. wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) was investigated at 30, 60 and 90 days after emergence (DAE) under eight nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) sources: S₁ = 20-20-20, S₂ = 20-27-5, S₃ = 7-22-8, S₄ = 10-10-10-20S, S₅ = 11-15-11, S₆ = 31-11-11, S₇ = 24-8-16, and S₈ = 19-6-12 in pot experiment at Dryland Agriculture Institute, West Texas A&;M University, Canyon, Texas, USA during winter 2009-10. A considerable variation in DM partitioning into various plant parts was observed in the four crop species at different growth stages and NPK source. At 30 DAE, 27% of the total DM per plant (TDMPP) was partitioned into roots and 73% into shoots (19% stems + 54% leaf). Only16 % of the TDMPP was partitioned into roots and 84% into shoots (18 % stem + 66 % leaf) at 60 DAE. At 90 DAE, 29% of TDMPP was partitioned into roots and 71 % into shoots (33 % stems + 38 % leaf) at 90 DAE. Percent DM partitioning into stems ranked first (33%) at 90 DAE > at 30 DAE (19%) > at 60 DAE (18 %). With advancement in crops age, DM partitioning into various crop parts increased. The root DM plant^?1 (RDMPP) increased from 11.5–722 mg plant^?1; stem DM plant^?1 (STDMPP) from 8.3–889.0 mg plant^?1; leaf DM plant^?1 (LDMPP) from 23.1–1031.0 mg plant^?1; shoot DM plant^?1 (SHDMPP) from 31.3–1921 mg plant^?1, and TDMPP increased from 42.9–2693.0 mg plant^?1 at 30 and 90 DAE, respectively. Because of the higher N contents in S₇ (24:8:16) and S₆ (31:11:11) reduced the DM partitioning into various plants parts as well as TDMPP at all three growth stages. The adverse effects of S₆ and S₇ on DM partitioning was more on oats > rye > wheat > barley. The S₄ with 10:10:10 (NPK) and :20S was not toxic at 30 DAE, but at 60 and 90 DAE it became toxic that adversely affected the DM partitioning as well as TDMPP probably may be due its high sulfur (20%) content which lacking in other NPK sources. The DM partitioning to various parts of barley and wheat was more than oats and rye at different growth stages (barley > wheat > rye > oats). Since the DM portioning values were determined on the average of five plants in pot experiment under organic soil at field capacity; in case of field experiments more research is needed on various crop species/varieties under different environmental conditions particularly under moisture stress condition.     

不同氮素形态对干旱胁迫杉木幼苗养分吸收及分配的影响

【目的】干旱胁迫是限制植物生长的重要非生物因素之一,而适宜的氮素营养可以提高植物的抗旱性。本文探讨了供应不同形态氮源对干旱条件下杉木[Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook]幼苗养分吸收及分配的影响。【方法】采用水培试验,供试杉木材料为2个无性系幼苗(7–14号和8–8号),在营养液中添加10%(w/v)PEG-6000进行干旱胁迫。营养液中的氮源处理包括硝态氮、铵态氮、硝铵混合氮,氮素浓度均为4.571mmol/L,每个品种均设6个处理。培养20天后,测定了杉木幼苗根、茎、叶的养分含量及生物量。【结果】与正常水分供应相比较,干旱胁迫条件下供应铵态氮可促进叶片N、K以及茎叶P、K的吸收,供应混合氮可促进根部K的吸收;供应铵态氮可促进根、茎对Ca的吸收,对叶片Ca无明显作用。干旱胁迫对根部Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn吸收量影响显著,氮素供应不同程度地降低了干旱胁迫下各器官Mg、Fe、Mn和Cu吸收量,表现为抑制吸收,但添加铵态氮比硝态氮的降低幅度小。3个氮源处理均降低了干旱条件下根部Zn吸收量,但没有降低甚至增加了茎、叶中Zn的吸收量,说明氮营养可调节Zn在各器官间的分配,缓解干旱导致的缺锌现象。不同器官之间各养分吸收量差异显著,3个氮源处理中,N和P吸收量表现为叶>根>茎,K和Ca为叶>茎>根,Fe、Cu为根>叶>茎,Mg、Mn和Zn在各器官之间的分配规律不一。铵态氮吸收量均表现为叶>根>茎,且各器官铵态氮吸收量显著高于硝态氮,说明杉木具有明显的喜铵特性。【结论】在干旱胁迫下,氮素供应形态显著影响杉木幼苗对养分的吸收及在各器官中的分配,作用效果因家系品种和元素种类而异。总体来讲,铵态氮提高干旱胁迫下杉木幼苗养分吸收的效果好于硝态氮,杉木可以认为是喜铵植物。     

多营养源饲粮对生长育肥猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究多营养源饲粮对生长育肥猪生长性能、养分表观消化率及肉品质的影响,探索使用非常规饲料原料配制饲粮的可能性。试验选取日龄相近、体重在(41.06±1.43)kg的"杜长大"生长猪48头,随机分配到2个组,分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(对照组)和多营养源饲粮(试验组),每组12个重复,每个重复2头猪。生长阶段试验期为42 d,育肥阶段待猪体重达120 kg时,每个组选择5头猪进行屠宰并测定肉品质。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验组试验猪平均日采食量提高了7.76%(P0.05),平均日增重、料重比和能量摄入量均无显著差异(P0.05);2)与对照组相比,试验组钙、磷、能量、粗蛋白质、粗灰分和干物质的表观消化率显著降低(P0.05),粗脂肪的表观消化率无显著差异(P0.05);3)与对照组相比,饲喂多营养源饲粮显著提高了试验猪血清谷丙转氨酶的活性(P0.05),但对其余血清生化指标均无显著影响(P0.05);4)与对照组相比,饲喂多营养源饲粮对猪肉品质及背最长肌肌内脂肪和蛋白质含量无显著影响(P0.05)。由此可知:在本试验条件下,饲喂以非常规饲料原料为主的多营养源饲粮降低了生长育肥猪营养物质表观消化率,但对其生长性能和肉品质无负面影响。     

大菱鲆幼鱼对几种蛋白质源中营养物质的表观消化率及膨化处理对其产生的影响

本试验旨在研究大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)对秘鲁红鱼粉、豆粕、葵花粕和玉米蛋白粉中干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸和总能的表观消化率,以及膨化处理对其产生的影响。试验饲料由70%基础饲料和30%待测蛋白质源组成,并添加0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)作为外源指示剂,将其分别制作成正常颗粒料和膨化颗粒料。将平均体重为(8.98±0.01)g的大菱鲆幼鱼随机分成10组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾鱼,按照不同处理分别投喂相应饲料,喂养2周后采用后肠挤压法收集粪便样品至第6周。结果表明:大菱鲆幼鱼对4种蛋白质源中干物质、粗蛋白质、总氨基酸和总能的表观消化率分别为22.33%~65.50%、48.97%~85.28%、47.70%~84.14%和44.50%~81.16%。其中,秘鲁红鱼粉的各营养物质的表观消化率均显著高于3种植物蛋白质源(P0.05);3种植物蛋白质源中以豆粕中粗蛋白质的表观消化率最高,葵花粕次之,玉米蛋白粉最低;各待测蛋白质源中总氨基酸表观消化率的变化趋势与粗蛋白质表观消化率基本一致。经膨化处理后,大菱鲆对4种蛋白质源中营养物质的表观消化率均得到改善,尤其是3种植物蛋白质源,效果显著(P0.05),膨化处理后4种蛋白质源中干物质、粗蛋白质、总氨基酸和总能的表观消化率分别为24.26%~70.87%、57.20%~85.33%、68.27%~87.09%和49.23%~84.35%。由此得出,膨化处理能够提高大菱鲆幼鱼对秘鲁红鱼粉、豆粕、葵花粕和玉米蛋白粉中营养物质的表观消化率。