Effects of silver nanoparticle size, concentration and coating on soil quality as indicated by arylsulfatase and sulfite oxidase activities

Recently, the nanotechnology industry has seen a growing interest in integrating silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) into agricultural products, which increases soil exposure to these particles. This demands an investigation into the effect of AgNPs on soil health. Changes in soil enzyme activities upon exposure to AgNPs can serve as early indicators of any adverse effects that these particles may have on soil quality. This study aimed to determine the effects of AgNP size, concentration, coating, and e...     

Evaluation of immobilizing agents as soil quality conditioners in addition to their metal(loid) immobilizing effect

In trace metal (TM)-contaminated agricultural soils, management of TM availability is important for safe crop production. In addition, maintenance or improvement of soil quality is vital for sustainable crop cultivation. Decreased TM phytoavailability and increased soil quality can be achieved by the application of various immobilizing agents to soil, which can supply both macronutrients and organic matter. This study investigated the long-term influences of four common immobilizing agents on so...     

有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌肥对玉米产量与复垦土壤磷素有效性的影响

复垦土壤贫瘠,磷素含量极低,严重影响作物的生长发育。研究化肥、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌对玉米产量和复垦土壤磷素形态以及酶活性的影响,为加速培肥矿区复垦土壤提供技术支持和理论依据。该研究在山西省晋中市采煤塌陷区进行了2a的定位培肥试验,共设置7个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）、化肥配施荧光假单胞菌（CFB）、单施有机肥（M）、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌（MB）、化肥配施有机肥（MCF）、化肥有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌（MCFB）。采集各处理土壤样品测定相关指标,并通过相关性分析和结构方程模型来探究各形态磷与有效磷以及土壤磷酸酶之间的关系。结果表明：1）在整个试验周期（2021—2022年）,与CK相比,不同施肥处理均能显著提高玉米产量以及各形态磷素。其中,以MB处理下的玉米产量、有效磷、磷活化系数、不稳定态磷以及部分不稳定态磷含量最高,与CK处理相比,玉米产量显著提高2.4倍,有效磷含量、磷活化系数值、不稳定态磷含量、部分不稳定态磷含量分别显著提高4.5倍、4.67倍、0.98倍、1.16倍。2）与CK处理相比,化肥、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌能够显著提高土壤微生物量磷以及酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,配施荧光假单胞菌后,微生物量磷水平和碱性磷酸酶活性均以MB较M处理提升效果最佳,分别显著提高27.08%和9.56%。3）结合相关性分析以及结构方程模型,随着荧光假单胞菌和化肥有机肥的施入,在提高不稳定态磷素含量的同时也提高有效磷的供应能力,促进磷素在农田生态系统中的循环转化,产生积极的正向影响。化肥、有机肥配施荧光假单胞菌能够一定程度上影响复垦土壤玉米产量及产量性状、各形态磷素及有效性和微生物活性,对复垦土壤脆弱的农田生态系统产生积极影响。     

基于FEM-SPH耦合的卷辊式耕层残膜回收部件结构优化与试验

针对棉田耕作层内残膜力学性能差及膜土分离困难,残膜拾净率低和回收的残膜含土量高等问题,该研究对卷辊式残膜回收部件进行优化。在分析起膜捡膜工作过程和建立卷辊弹齿与膜土团聚体之间动力学关系的基础上,采用有限元法(finite element method,FEM)和光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)耦合算法,建立卷辊弹齿-膜土团聚体接触计算模型,探究卷辊弹齿与膜土团聚体之间相互作用机理,分析卷辊弹齿接触膜土团聚体后残膜受力程度和土壤扰动程度的变化规律。以卷辊回转半径、弹齿直径、弹齿顶端折弯角为试验因素,以残膜平均峰值应力及土壤最大应变为指标开展仿真试验,分析各因素对指标的影响规律并对卷辊弹齿结构参数进行优化,获得卷辊弹齿最优结构参数为：卷辊回转半径100 mm、弹齿直径5 mm、弹齿顶端折弯角42°,此时残膜平均峰值应力为0.1201 MPa,土壤最大应变为3.7584。为了验证优化后卷辊弹齿的捡拾作业性能,以拾净率和含土率为试验指标进行田间试验,结果表明：机具拾净率为80.34%,含土率为37.13%,与初代研制的样机相比拾净率提升了8.74个百分点,含土率下降了12.18个百分点,机具作业性能明显提升且试验指标达到设计要求。本文建立的有限元模型可为残膜回收机关键部件的结构优化提供参考。     

双针热脉冲测定冻土热特性的数值模拟方法

使用双针热脉冲(dual probe heat pulse, DPHP)测定冻土热特性时施加热脉冲后会导致加热探针周围的冰融化,使用目前常用的仅考虑热传导（忽略融化相变、冰水两相分界面）的解析解处理DPHP温度数据,会导致在-5 ℃至0 ℃温度范围内无法准确测量热导率 (λ) 和比热 (C_v)。为了能够准确测定冻土的 λ 和 C_v,有必要考虑DPHP加热过程中引起的冰融化的相变潜热。该研究基于COMSOL仿真软件模拟了考虑相变潜热、相变区间以及移动冰水界面的DPHP测量过程,采用随温度非线性变化的真实冻土热特性进行模拟,并与真实冻土的DPHP测量数据对比。结果表明：1）COMSOL仿真在不考虑相变条件下与无限线性热源模型结果完全吻合（R² = 0.9989）;2）当土壤初始温度低于-5 ℃时,考虑相变发生的COMSOL仿真能够准确模拟试验结果,表现出较高的相关性（R² > 0.93）,在-2 ～ 0 ℃的土壤初始温度范围内,无限线性热源模型的结果与试验测量显著偏离（R² < 0.0013）;3）在不同土壤初始温度下,相变温度为-1.5 ～ -0.5 ℃的仿真结果与试验数据具有较高的相关性（R² > 0.7）。本研究结果检验了有限元仿真用于真实冻土DPHP研究的可行性,可为准确预测冻土热特性的研究提供方法。     

奶牛养殖粪水还田对苜蓿产量及土壤理化性质的影响

为明确规模化奶牛养殖场粪水发酵处理后还田对苜蓿生长和土壤的影响,试验设置了追肥(苜蓿专用配方肥N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O为4∶13∶40)225 kg/hm²、追肥112.5 kg/hm²+粪水360 m³/hm²和只追施粪水360 m³/hm²3个处理。结果表明,追肥112.5 kg/hm²+粪水360 m³/hm²处理下,2019、2020年全年苜蓿干草产量分别达到15 506.5和15 548.0 kg/hm²,显著高于其他处理。追肥112.5 kg/hm²+粪水360 m³/hm²和只追施粪水360 m³/hm²两个处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量和土壤pH,而含盐量则降低。追施粪水360 m     

Soil bacterial characteristics between surface and subsurface soils along a precipitation gradient in the Alxa Desert,China

Bacteria in desert soil have unique phylogeny and important ecological functions, and theirresponses to changes in precipitation need further attention. However, relevant studies have mainlyfocused on the surface soil, and studies on the responses of bacteria at different soil depths to variationsin precipitation are rare. Thus, we used 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing to investigate the changesin soil bacterial distribution along a mean annual precipitation gradient (50–150 mm) in the Alxa Desert,China, and compared the variation characteristics in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm) and subsurface soillayer (10–20 cm). Results showed that soil bacterial communities significantly changed along theprecipitation gradient in both soil layers. However, the subsurface soil layer could support bacterialcommunities with higher diversity and closer internal relationships but more internal competition than thesurface soil layer. Additionally, compared with the surface soil layer, variations in diversity andco-occurrence patterns in the subsurface soil layer were more in line with the changes in the mean annualprecipitation, while bacterial community structure was less variable in the subsurface soil layer. Comparedwith the mean annual precipitation, soil moisture had little influence on the structure and diversity of soilbacterial community but had a high correlation with intercommunity connectivity. Therefore, soilmoisture might play a complex role in mediating environmental conditions and soil bacterial communitycharacteristics. Due to the different responses of surface and subsurface soil bacteria to the changes inprecipitation, it is necessary to distinguish different soil layers when predicting the trends in desert soilbacterial conditions associated with precipitation, and prediction of subsurface soil bacteria may be moreaccurate.     

长期深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭对砂姜黑土团聚体及小麦-玉米产量的影响

为探究耕作方式、秸秆还田和生物炭添加结合对土壤团聚体粒径分布、团聚体养分特征、养分库储量及小麦-玉米周年产量的影响,本研究采用3因素2水平试验设计,分别为耕作方式：常规旋耕（CT）,深翻耕作（DT）;秸秆处理：秸秆还田（S）、秸秆不还田（NS）;生物炭：生物炭添加（B）、无生物炭添加（NB）,共8个处理。结果表明：无生物炭添加时,旋耕秸秆还田显著提高了0~15 cm土层团聚体稳定性及土壤养分库储量,而深耕秸秆还田显著改善了>15~30 cm土层土壤团粒组成,提升土壤肥力,促进作物增产。相关性分析表明,砂姜黑土中作物产量的提升更依赖于深层（>15~30 cm）土壤物理结构的改善和土壤肥力的提升。配施生物炭后如DT-S-B（深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭）较CT-NS-NB（旋耕秸秆不还田无生物炭）处理尤其使>15~30 cm土层团聚体稳定性显著增强,>2 mm粒级团聚体比例、重量平均直径和几何平均直径值分别增加165.88%、62.37%和119.81%,显著提高>2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳、全氮和全磷含量,提高了>2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和养分固持能力,降低了<2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和养分固持能力,使>15~30 cm土层土壤有机碳库储量、全氮、全磷和全钾库储量分别显著提升37.41%、38.99%、41.26%和9.84%,促使2年作物周年产量平均增加22.96%,但在深耕秸秆还田的基础上配施生物炭在短期内增产效果不显著。综上,深耕秸秆还田配施生物炭能够显著改善黄淮海南部砂姜黑土深层土壤团聚体粒径分布和稳定性,提升了土壤肥力和作物周年产量,保障了农田高效绿色可持续生产。     

区域尺度喀斯特区石漠化强度对土壤流失的影响

石漠化和水土流失是西南喀斯特区突出的生态问题,制约着社会经济的发展。目前,石漠化与土壤流失的耦合关系尚未系统探明,石漠化强度评价因子植被盖度、土层厚度和基岩裸露率的交互作用如何影响土壤流失知之甚少。基于石漠化现状的调查,采用RUSLE模型、Getis-OrdGi*、地理探测器等方法,测算了贵州喀斯特区土壤侵蚀状况并识别了冷热区分布,量化了石漠化强度评价因子与土壤侵蚀之间的关系,解析了因子组合对土壤流失的交互影响。结果表明：1)贵州喀斯特区土壤侵蚀以中度和微度侵蚀为主,平均土壤流失率17.69t/(hm²·a),侵蚀热区(重点防治区)主要集中在贵州西部经济相对欠发达区,侵蚀冷区(轻微区)则主要集中在黔北遵义市和黔中贵阳市等经济相对发达区。2)土壤流失随石漠化强度评价指标植被盖度、土层厚度的增加呈降低趋势,随基岩裸露率的增加则呈增加趋势;石漠化与土壤流失之间并非简单的线性关系,而呈复杂的非线性关系,3个评价因子分别以三次曲线函数、指数函数和反正弦函数拟合优度最高。3)石漠化强度评价因子对土壤流失空间分异的解释力依次为植被盖度、基岩裸露率和土层厚度,且因子组合对土壤流失...