铜污染土壤中不同多年生黑麦草品种富集效应的评价

采用盆栽试验,测定10个多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)品种在不同浓度铜污染土壤中的干生物量,以及植株根部、茎秆和叶片3个不同部位中的铜富集量,以期为铜污染土壤的恢复治理提供参考依据。结果表明:试验条件下,多年生黑麦草根部、茎秆和叶片3个不同部位中铜富集量随着土壤中Cu2+浓度的升高而升高;多年生黑麦草5(Harukaze)的铜富集能力较强,多年生黑麦草7和9的铜富集能力较差,其他介于两者之间。在铜胁迫下,多年生黑麦草根部是主要的铜富集器官,其次为茎秆,最后是叶片。采用隶属函数法铜富集特性进行综合评价,黑麦草5(Harukaze)具有较好铜富集能力,可优先考虑。     

星星草对碱化土壤物理性质的影响

研究不同生长年限的星星草对碱化土壤及对应碱斑土壤的机械组成、土壤孔隙度、容重和含水量的影响。结果表明,星星草生长1、2和3年后,粘粒和细砂所占比例减小,而粗粉和细粉所占比例增大。土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度随着生长年数的增加呈不同程度的增加,而土壤容重则越来越小,>0.25mm的水稳定性团聚体随之增加。星星草地土壤含水量和田间持水量均高于碱斑土壤。星星草改善了碱化土壤结构、通透性、保水性和土壤物理环境。     

覆盖对粘重土壤中苜蓿出苗的影响

紧实土壤降雨后常由于板结而严重影响作物出苗,导致建植不良乃至失败本实验采用遮阳膜覆盖、麦秸覆盖、不覆盖、土壤稳定剂４个表面处理和快速干燥、缓慢干燥２个干燥速度处理,研究芷蓉播后模拟降水条件一出苗情况,不同的覆盖及土壤处理条件下芷蓿出苗具有显著的处理效应,处理效应主要在出苗早期形成,遮阳膜覆盖比其他出苗显著要高;干燥速度地芷蓿出苗无影响。土壤剂和麦秸对苜蓿出苗的影响需要进一步的研究。     

几种草被植物的水土保持效应研究

利用小型观测场,对比了几种草被植物地降水、径流量、土壤侵蚀量和土壤的物理性质.结果表明, 与裸地相比,草被植物可以增加土壤的覆盖度,减少降水的径流系数,减少土壤侵蚀量,其中百脉根Lotus corniculatus的效应最为明显.草被植物可以减小土壤容重,增加土壤空隙率,使土壤蓄水保水能力增加,同时提高土壤入渗速率和土壤的抗蚀性,其中百脉根地土壤含水量和入渗速率最大,苇状羊茅Festuca arundinacea地崩解所需时间最长.如苇状羊茅地、葛藤Pueraria lobata地、百脉根地和空旷地0～2 m土层土壤平均含水量分别是15.74%,15.83%,16.06%和14.61%,苇状羊茅、葛藤、百脉根地土壤完全崩解所需时间分别比空旷地多780,627,704 min.     

鲁梅克斯对草甸盐土的改土效应研究

在草甸盐土上种植鲁梅克斯Rumex patientia×R.tianschanicus cv.Rumex K-1,脱盐改土效果十分明显.种植鲁梅克斯3～4年,鲜草产量达100.51 t/hm2,pH值由8.43降为7.99,耕作层土壤总孔隙度增加5.29%～7.06%,土壤容重降低0.14～0.21 g/cm3,水稳性团粒结构增加23.14%～32.34%,自然含水量增加72.12～89.44 g/kg,土壤有机质、速效氮、磷、钾亦随之增加.     

“吉农朝鲜碱茅”与“三北”地区盐碱地的改良

简述了国内外盐碱地的现状与分布，生物改良盐碱地的方法，已被科学家们所共识。我们利用碱茅属（Puccinelia Parl）植物改良盐碱地已取得重大进展。新育成的“吉农朝鲜碱茅”（P．chinampoesis Ohwi CV．“Jinong”）具有更加优良的性状和广泛的适应性。该品种将在“三北”地区的生态环境建设和盐碱地改良过程中发挥重要作用。     

Small‐scale reseeding trials in arid rangeland: Effects of rainfall,clearing and grazing on seedling survival

Abstract

Seeds of four indigenous plant species were sown in 1990 in small‐scale field trials in an arid, non‐seasonal rainfall region of the southern Karoo, South Africa. Seeds of a winter annual Tetragonia echinata (Aizoaceae) showed innate dormancy but those of three perennial shrubs Pteronia empetrifolia, P. pollens and Osteospermum sinuatum (all Asteraceae) emerged only after the first substantial autumn rain. In good rangeland, seedling growth and survival was better in clearings than in undisturbed vegetation. In poor, continuously‐grazed rangeland, sheep had more influence on growth and survival of O. sinuatum seedlings than did vegetation clearing. These findings should be tested by means of large‐scale trials replicated in time and space.     

践踏和降水对环县典型草原土壤颗粒分维特征的影响

采用试验践踏与模拟降水控制试验,对16个不同试验组合样区表土(0~15 cm)质地的机械组成进行分析,结果表明,随着践踏强度增加,土壤颗粒表现出不同程度的粗化趋势,降水具有双向调节的作用。利用分形模型计算了土壤粒径分形维数,计算结果表明,分形维数指标与践踏强度呈负相关关系。但分形维数递减幅度与模拟降水处理水平相关,在模拟降水处理水平依次为干旱、自然降水、平水、丰水时,粒径分形维数递减幅度依次为4.33%,2.61%,1.34%和1.23%。降水与践踏的匹配关系,对形成确定的分形维数具有决定性作用。由于具有较高分形维数的土壤更易发生放牧侵蚀,若管理不善则会发展为荒漠化。因此,在此种意义上来说,土壤分形维数的测算对进一步研究放牧侵蚀机理和荒漠化形成过程可能具有推动作用。     

Plant Species Composition and Forage Production 14 Yr After Biosolids Application and Grazing Exclusion

This paper examines the effects of a single surface application of biosolids (at 20 dry Mg ha^{? 1}) on plant species composition, forage quality and quantity, and C stocks after 14 yr of rest in rangelands of the Central Interior of British Columbia. More than two times the aboveground biomass of grasses and the percent cover of plant litter were found in the biosolids treatment relative to the control, along with reductions in bare soil and microbiotic crust cover. Significantly greater plant uptake of all macronutrients (C, N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg); most micronutrients (B, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Zn); and Al occurred in the biosolids treatment. P and Cu were the only two nutrients to be more concentrated in the biosolids-treated forage relative to the control forage, while N, Mg, and protein were more concentrated in the control forage. No significant difference in forage digestibility was found between biosolids and control treatments. Bluebunch wheatgrass, the late-seral native grass species, had significantly increased cover and aboveground biomass in the biosolids treatment relative to the control; however, between 2006 and 2016, non-native Kentucky bluegrass had reached > 25% cover in the biosolids plots, perhaps restricting the full recovery of bluebunch wheatgrass. Our findings indicate that biosolids application to ungrazed rangeland can increase long-term forage production and reduce bare soil. However, at our study site biosolids application also led to a long-term shift in the plant community composition away from the late-seral (i.e., bluebunch wheatgrass) trajectory, and the effects of this shift on rangeland health and productivity require further investigation.