不同固沙植被下沙丘土壤水分动态比较

以毛乌素沙地覆盖度>90%的油蒿、50%～60%的沙柳、35%～40%的樟子松固定沙丘为研究对象,流动沙丘为对照,采用自动监测系统实时监测降雨、0～200 cm土壤含水量及200 cm以下渗漏量,分析5—11月不同固沙植被下沙丘土壤水分动态差异,以期为固沙植被稳定性评价提供参考。结果表明:较低覆盖度樟子松与高盖度油蒿、沙柳相比更具固沙优势。3种固沙植被表层0～30 cm土壤水分受降雨影响大,对>20 mm降雨均产生响应;60～200 cm土壤水分时间变化特征存在差异,樟子松与对照变化趋势一致,油蒿和沙柳仅对40 mm降雨产生响应;0～200 cm土壤水分垂直变化没有相同规律,变异性较大,樟子松变幅最大,为(5.03±3.09)%;深层渗漏特征基本一致,均有极少量水分渗漏到200 cm以下。     

小麦秸秆截段覆盖对设施蔬菜产量和土壤性质的影响

以豆瓣菜和小麦秸秆为试材,低温季节按500 kg·(667m^2)^-1将小麦秸秆截成10 cm后覆盖并浅水种植豆瓣菜,高温季节按1 000 kg·(667m^2)^-1覆盖并浅水种植水蕹菜,研究了不同季节设施水生蔬菜田土表覆盖截段小麦秸秆的腐解规律以及对水生蔬菜产量品质和土壤性质的影响,以期为设施菜田土壤改良和小麦秸秆利用新途径提供参考依据。结果表明:经低温季节140 d和高温季节163 d的腐解,小麦秸秆腐解率分别为66.67%和85.00%;土表水层电导率前期迅速上升后缓慢下降,低温季节第3天达最大值1 180μS·cm^-1,高温季节第12天达最大值1 806μS·cm^-1;氧化还原电位表现为前期迅速下降,低温季节第3天降至-80 mV,高温季节第5天降至-180 mV,后期处理与对照变化趋势基本一致。与对照组相比,小麦秸秆还田可提高蔬菜的产量和品质,可有效增加设施土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾以及速效磷、钾的含量,提高土壤脲酶活性,降低土壤硝态氮含量。     

“红阳”猕猴桃采后存放过程中的品质变化

以云南曲江栽培的“红阳”猕猴桃为试材,同期从市场上购买“黄金果”“楚红”“徐香”“亚特”4个品种作为对照,对存放过程中的果实硬度、可溶性固形物、维生素C、黄酮、还原糖、总糖、总酚等指标进行测定,以研究“红阳”猕猴桃存放过程中的品质变化。结果表明:存放期间,与口感相关的硬度、固形物、还原糖、总糖含量均呈下降趋势,而与功能相关的维生素C、总酚、总黄酮含量呈下降趋势,且中华系列品种“红阳”“楚红”“黄金果”的下降幅度较美味系列品种“徐香”“亚特”高,表明在中华猕猴桃系列品种的采后、销售过程中,冷链的采用非常必要,即使是在食用阶段,冰箱冷藏是避免有效组分降解的有效手段。结果同时表明,从营养、口感综合角度讲,当猕猴桃果实达到熟化食用阶段时,应尽快食用,否则会影响其营养价值。在未来的猕猴桃品质选育中除注重风味、口感指标外,培育高含量功能物质降解缓慢品质将是一个重点。此外,应加强储藏过程中避免有效保存功能物质的降解变化研究。     

不同限根方式对蓝莓生长及果实品质的影响

以3年生蓝莓品种"久比利"(‘Jubilee’)为试材,以无纺布育苗袋、PVC控根器、砖槽和普通塑料盆为限根容器,研究不同限根方式对蓝莓生长和果实品质的影响,以期为开展规模化蓝莓限根栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:与对照相比,限根栽培不同程度抑制了蓝莓植株地上部的营养生长和根系的生长构成,减小单株植物占地面积,增加单位面积栽培数量。限根栽培促进果实糖分积累,降低可滴定酸含量,提高了产量和品质。试验结果还表明,过小的栽培容积会使植物营养供应不足,根系无法得到伸展,大量缠绕在盆壁内侧。另外,栽培容器材质的透水性、透气性也至关重要。综上所述,初步筛选出40 cm×35 cm无纺布育苗袋、35 cm×35 cm PVC控根器适合进行蓝莓限根生产。     

抗旱性复混肥对土壤物理性状、持水量和马铃薯经济效益的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究抗旱性复混肥配方及其对土壤物理性质、持水量和马铃薯经济效益的影响,以期筛选出抗旱性复合肥最佳配方和施用量。结果表明:影响马铃薯产量的因素由大到小依次为:马铃薯专用肥>废弃物组合肥>保水剂,抗旱性复合肥最佳配方组合为废弃物组合肥3 000 kg/hm^2、保水剂37.50kg/hm^2、马铃薯专用肥2 230 kg/hm^2。随着抗旱性复混肥施用量的增加,土壤总孔隙度、持水量、马铃薯块茎质量和产量在增加,土壤容重在降低。经回归统计分析,抗旱性复混肥与马铃薯产量间的回归方程为:y=28.87+1.771 3x-0.035 4x2,最佳施肥量为5.28 t/hm^2,计算结果与田间施用抗旱性复混肥5.28 t/hm^2相吻合。     

白玉菇热风干燥工艺优化及其对品质的影响

以白玉菇为材料,通过单因素试验分析热风温度、切片厚度和装载量对白玉菇干燥特性和干燥品质的影响,并通过正交试验对干燥参数进行优化。结果表明,升高热风温度、减小切片厚度、减小装载量可以有效降低白玉菇的干基含水率,加快干燥速率。温度对干燥速率的影响最大,然而温度过高容易造成白玉菇干燥表面的硬化,反而降低了干燥中后期的干燥速率。干基含水率大,温度、切片厚度和装载量对干燥速率的影响也增大。通过对亮度、复水比、维生素C含量和感官评分的综合评定,得到最优工艺参数为:热风温度60℃,切片厚度2 mm,装载量15 g·dm^-2。     

网购食用菌食品质量安全供应链控制措施

近年来,我国食用菌产业发展迅速,由于食用菌的低盐、低脂、低糖、高蛋白等特性,成为新的健康食品。随着电子商务的发展,网购食品成为人们网络购物的重要内容之一,网购食用菌是促进食用菌产业发展的重要途径,人们逐渐更加关注网购食用菌食品质量安全问题。从供应链的角度,采用改进风险矩阵法,探索网购食用菌食品质量安全的关键控制点,探讨保证网购食用菌食品质量安全的控制措施。     

添加不同氮源对棉籽壳发酵后熟化栽培平菇的影响

平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)栽培中使用发酵后熟化工艺处理培养料,分别加入尿素、磷酸氢二铵、氨基酸水溶肥、麦麸等氮源,研究其对菌丝生长、子实体生物学效率及品质的影响.研究结果显示添加15%麦麸,平菇生物学效率最高,达到86.89%,子实体氨基酸和蛋白质总量显著提高,分别为21.22%和29.1 g·100-1g-1,同时菌盖变厚,菌肉韧性、不易裂,气味浓郁,投入产出比最高.     

Conversion of cropland into agroforestry land versus naturally-restored grassland alters soil macro-faunal diversity and trophic structure in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China

Restoration of cropland(termed 'Farm') after abandonment including shrubs(termed 'Shrub'),trees(termed 'Tree') and natural grassland(termed 'Grass') has become a routine process aimed to improve land productivity and control desertification. During this restoration process, soil macro-faunal diversity, and trophic structure were investigated at four types of sites(Farm, Shrub, Tree, and Grass)during growing season in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China. Results indicated that the Staphylinidae family was found to dominate at the Grass, Shrub, and Tree sites, whiles larval Pyralidae individuals were found at the Grass site only. The density of the omnivores(i.e., Formicidae family) was significantly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Tree and Farm sites. The total density and richness of predator and phytophages were found to be markedly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Farm site. Meanwhile, we found the taxon richness of predators was significantly(P<0.05) higher at the Shrub site than at the Farm and Tree sites. Compared with the Farm and afforested Shrub/Tree sites,the Grass site had greater density, taxon richness, and Shannon index(P<0.05). In conclusion, natural restoration of abandoned croplands toward grassland was an effective strategy relative to artificial afforestation for improvement of soil biological diversity. Moreover, planting shrub is a preferable measure in abandoned croplands for land development in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China.     

The use of iron (III) ferrocyanide soil amendment for removing salt from the soil surface

Accelerated soil salinization is a worldwide concern. Our study was carried out to determine the effects of different rates (0, 5, 10, and 15?mmol kg^?1) of iron (III) ferrocyanide application to remove salts from the soil. Within two weeks of its application, iron (III) ferrocyanide at 5, 10, and 15?mmol?kg^?1 removed 12.2%, 26.5%, and 42.9% of the total salts from the soil, respectively. Results suggested that iron (III) ferrocyanide application at 15?mmol?kg^?1 is one of the most rapid and effective ways to remove substantial amounts of salts from undrained soil (land) where fresh water is scarce.