Effect of Tillage System on Soil Strength and Bulk Density of Vertisols

Improving the soil environment for seedling emergence and plant growth is possible using a good tillage system. From March 1993 until June 1994, the effect of tillage system and plant residue incorporation practices on the bulk density and the soil strength of the surface layer of a vertisol (very fine, smectitic, thermic, chromic Haploxerert), on a less than 1 % slope, was investigated. The two tillage methods were moldboard (T1) and chisel (T2). The two plant residue incorporation dates were in August (R1) and in October (R2). Results indicated that R1 gave significantly higher bulk density than R2, while the different tillage treatments had no significant effect. Soil strength was significantly lower under T1 and R2 than under the other treatments.     

杆菌肽锌对夏季产蛋鸡生产性能及血液指标的影响

３８０日龄北京白鸡８０只被随机分成２个处理，每个处理４个重复，每个重复１０只鸡，对照组喂基础日粮，试验组在基础日粮中添加５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ杆菌肽锌．试验被安排在１９９８年６月３０日至７月３０日进行．试验结果表明：杆菌肽锌对产蛋鸡平均产蛋量、平均蛋重及饲料转化率没有显著影响，但却可以明显改善蛋壳质量（蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度）（Ｐ＜０．０５），并显著减少破软蛋率（Ｐ＜０．０１）．而且在夏季（３２℃以上）蛋鸡产蛋率下降阶段可以减少产蛋率的下降幅度．杆菌肽锌对蛋鸡血液中Ｃａ、Ｐ、Ｚｎ及ＡＬＫＰ（碱性磷酸酶）含量的影响不显著．     

土壤水流动系统及其应用初探

土壤水流动系统是由水势场，介质场，水化学学场，温度场耦合而成，并在时空四维上不断演变化的动态系统，土壤水调控就是通过综合措施改善水流动系统的上下边界年及浅部介质特性，优化田间微水文系统、微气候系统及土壤水流动系统。     

Characterization of Degraded Soils in the Humid Ethiopian Highlands

Hardpan is a major cause of land degradation that affects agricultural productivity in developing countries. However, relatively, little is known about the interaction of land degradation and hardpans. The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate soil degradation and the formation of hardpans in crop/livestock‐mixed rainfed agriculture systems and to assess how changes in soil properties are related to the conversion of land from forest to agriculture. Two watersheds (Anjeni and Debre Mewi) were selected in the humid Ethiopian highlands. For both watersheds, 0–45 cm soil penetration resistance (SPR, n  = 180) and soil physical properties (particle size, soil organic matter, pH, base ions, cation exchange capacity, silica content, bulk density and moisture content) were determined at 15 cm depth increments for three land uses: cultivated, pasture and forest. SPR of agricultural fields was significantly greater than that of forest lands. Dense layers with a critical SPR threshold of ≥2000 kPa were observed in the cultivated and pasture lands starting at a depth of 15–30 cm but did not occur in the undisturbed forest land. Compared with the original forest soils, agricultural fields were lower in organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable base cations; more acidic; had a higher bulk density and more fine particles (clay and silt); and contained less soluble silica. Overall, our findings suggest that soil physical and chemical properties in agricultural lands are deteriorated, causing disintegration of soil aggregates, resulting in greater sediment concentration in infiltration water that clogged up macro‐pores, thereby disconnecting deep flow paths found in original forest soils. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tracing Sediment Sources Using Mid‐infrared Spectroscopy in Arvorezinha Catchment,Southern Brazil

The widespread adoption of the sediment fingerprinting approach to guide catchment management has been limited by the cost and the difficulty to prepare and process samples for geochemical and radionuclide analyses. Spectral properties have recently been shown to provide a rapid and cost‐efficient alternative for this purpose. The current research objective was (i) to quantify the sediment source contributions in a 1∙19‐km² rural catchment of Southern Brazil by using mid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy and (ii) to compare these results with those obtained with geochemical approach and near‐infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy methods. The sediment sources to discriminate were cropland surface (n  = 20), unpaved roads (n  = 10) and stream channel banks (n  = 10). Twenty‐nine suspended sediment samples were collected at the catchment outlet during nine significant flood events. The sources could be distinguished by MIR spectroscopy. Cropland and channel bank sources mainly differed in their clay mineral contents, but their similar organic matter content complicated the MIR‐model predictions. Unpaved road contributions were discriminated from the other sources by their lower organic carbon content. When the results of the current research based on MIR spectroscopy are compared with those obtained using other sediment fingerprinting approaches, based on geochemistry and near‐infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, an overestimation of channel banks contribution and an underestimation of cropland and unpaved road contributions is found. These results suggest that MIR spectroscopy can provide a useful tool that is non‐destructive, rapid and cheap for tracing sediment sources in rural catchments and for guiding the implementation of soil and water conservation measures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小型拖拉机变速器轴承压装力的计算分析

针对拖拉机变速器装配线上轴承压装失效问题,着重研究了滚动轴承压装力的计算方法,系统推导出计算公式。在生产实际应用中也验证了其计算结果优于实践经验或经验公式所得。同时依据数据分析,提出了改进工序内容的措施。研究证明,轴承压装力的分析计算有助于提高生产效率,稳定加工质量。     

Comparison of uptake of different N forms by soil microorganisms and two wet-grassland plants: A pot study

Two common plant species of temperate wet grasslands, Carex acuta and Glyceria maxima, were tested for their preferences in the uptake of different nitrogen (N) sources (amino acid, ammonium, nitrate) and their ability to compete for these sources with soil microorganisms. The experiment was a one-day incubation study with plants growing in soil obtained from the field, which was supplied with a solution containing the three N sources, one at a time labeled with ¹⁵N. The bulk of the N demand of both species was covered by nitrate-N, which was the dominant N form in the soil at the time of the experiment. Ammonium-N was taken up less strongly, and organic N formed only a negligible part of their nutrition. The assimilated inorganic N was preferentially transported to apical meristem of the youngest leaf, while organic N remained mostly in the roots. The fast-growing Glyceria took up more N and was a better competitor vis-à-vis soil microbes for rarer N forms than Carex. However, both plants were poor competitors for N vis-à-vis soil microbes, irrespective of the N form. Microbes took up nitrate ca. five times faster and organic N more than a hundred times faster than plants. Correspondingly, the calculated turnover time of microbial N was 17 days, compared to 40 days for N in plant roots. A significant amount of added ¹⁵N was found at non-exchangeable sites in the soil, which points to the importance of microbial N transformation and abiotic N fixation for N retention in soil. In summary, the preferential assimilation of inorganic N by the wetland plants studied here and their poor ability to compete for N with soil microbes over the short term agree with the results of studies carried out with other species from temperate grasslands.     

红富士苹果郁闭园间伐试验

于2007～2009年,在陕西省白水县对乔砧红富士苹果郁闭园进行间伐试验。结果表明:间伐可显著地促进苹果树外围新梢生长和叶片发育,其外围新梢生长长度、粗度分别比对照增加6.9 cm、0.24 mm;百叶鲜重、单叶面积分别比对照增加10.4 g、扩大7.75 cm~2;单果重、着色指数、可溶性固形物含量、特优级果(80 mm以上)率、667 m~2产量、667 m~2产值、667 m~2纯收益,分别比对照增加23.3 g、12.3、0.36个百分点、21.0个百分点、515.5 kg、2 019.0元、1 319.0元,表明说明间伐可以显著地提高苹果产量、质量和效益。     

大力推广方格蔟,提高蚕茧质量

本文在总结湖州雠主格蔟成绩的基础上，针对当前在方格蔟推广上存在的问题，提出了大力推广方格蔟，提高茧质的建议。     

喀什地区棉田障碍因素调查及对策研究

经过 3a的调查研究 ,摸清了喀什地区棉田主要障碍因素 ,并针对性地进行了对策研究 ,使低产田改良成效显著 ,为棉花高产优质高效栽培技术提供了理论依据。