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71.
Isoxaflutole is a new pre‐emergence herbicide for use in maize and sugarcane. Its two main derivatives are a diketonitrile derivative, the 2‐cyano‐3‐cyclopropyl‐1‐(2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)propan‐1,3‐dione, named DKN, and a benzoic acid derivative, the 2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, named BA. The adsorption/desorption processes have never been studied for isoxaflutole (IFT) at high concentrations nor for BA, and the present work aimed at completing the knowledge of the behaviour of these three molecules in conditions close to those encountered in the context of agricultural use. The adsorption/desorption study was conducted on seven soils of different physical and chemical properties, using the batch equilibrium technique. During the experiments, IFT was chemically converted into DKN in a continuous manner. This reaction appeared to be dependent on the pH of the soil and was taken into account in the calculations of the adsorbed and desorbed amounts. The adsorption isotherms obtained were predominantly C‐shaped for IFT and DKN and S‐shaped for BA, but some differences appeared on a few soils. They fitted well the Freundlich equation, and the values of the Freundlich coefficient Kfa showed that, whatever the soil, IFT was more adsorbed than its two derivatives. The main parameter influencing the adsorption of IFT appeared to be the organic matter content, whereas this effect was not evident for DKN and BA. No correlation was found between the extent of adsorption and either clay content or pH of the soil, for the three molecules. 相似文献
72.
Detection of Colletotrichum coccodes from soil and potato tubers by conventional and quantitative real-time PCR 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
Colletotrichum coccodes is the causal agent of the potato blemish disease black dot. Two PCR primer sets were designed to sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) regions for use in a nested PCR. The genus-specific outer primers (Cc1F1/Cc2R1) were designed to regions common to Colletotrichum spp., and the species-specific nested primers (Cc1NF1/Cc2NR1) were designed to sequences unique to C . coccodes . The primer sets amplified single products of 447 bp (Cc1F1/Cc2R1) and 349 bp (Cc1NF1/Cc2NR1) with DNA extracted from 33 European and North American isolates of C. coccodes. The specificity of primers Cc1NF1/Cc2NR1 was confirmed by the absence of amplified product with DNA of other species representing the six phylogenetic groups of the genus Colletotrichum and 46 other eukaryotic and prokaryotic plant pathogenic species. A rapid procedure for the direct extraction of DNA from soil and potato tubers was used to verify the PCR assay for detecting C. coccodes in environmental samples. The limit of sensitivity of PCR for the specific detection of C. coccodes when inoculum was added to soils was 3·0 spores per g, or the equivalent of 0·06 microsclerotia per g soil, the lowest level of inoculum tested. Colletotrichum coccodes was also detected by PCR in naturally infested soil and from both potato peel and peel extract from infected and apparently healthy tubers. Specific primers and a TaqMan fluorogenic probe were designed to perform quantitative real-time (TaqMan) PCR to obtain the same levels of sensitivity for detection of C. coccodes in soil and tubers during a first-round PCR as with conventional nested PCR and gel electrophoresis. This rapid and quantitative PCR diagnostic assay allows an accurate estimation of tuber and soil contamination by C. coccodes . 相似文献
73.
黑河流域荒漠地区梭梭人工林地土壤水分动态研究 总被引:29,自引:7,他引:29
梭梭林地土壤剖面的含水量与裸沙地含水量显著不同 ,裸沙地土壤含水量随深度增加而增加 ,林地在 30~ 12 0cm范围内有较高的含水量 ;林地 0~ 30cm的上层土壤含水量受降雨及蒸发的剧烈影响 ,30~ 2 0 0cm范围内的林地土壤各测量层平均含水量与其标准差有二次函数的关系 ;降雨对每月的 0~ 2 0 0cm的土壤贮水量没有明显的影响 ,说明降雨多数在当月就被蒸散和深层渗漏所消耗 ;认为梭梭人工林这种脆弱生态系统能够在严酷的环境条件下存在 ,其根系对土壤水和地下水有吸水和释水的再分配功能是重要的因素之一 相似文献
74.
75.
76.
日光温室黄瓜栽培CO_2浓度的消长规律初探 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
近 3a(年 )的研究结果表明 :日光温室内CO2 浓度有明显的季节变化和日变化。在整个生长期内因通风时间和通风量的不同 ,日光温室内的CO2 浓度 11月和 3月较高 ,5月较低。各时期日变化基本相同 ,但变化幅度因季节而异 ,上午随Pn的逐渐增大而下降 ,中午 12 :0 0~ 14 :0 0时降至最低 ,下午又随Pn的减小而缓慢回升。叶片的光合作用、呼吸作用和土壤呼吸是影响日光温室内CO2 浓度日变化的主要因素。有机肥施用量对室内土壤呼吸和日光温室CO2 浓度有较大影响 ,在有机肥充足的条件下 ,室内CO2 浓度基本满足黄瓜光合作用的需要 ,无须补施 ,如果在作物生长期间再定时随水向土壤中冲施有机肥 ,效果就更好 相似文献
77.
Variation of Parthenium hysterophorus in response to soil quality: implications for invasiveness 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary The performance of Parthenium hysterophorus , native to the tropical Americas and invasive to several countries, was evaluated for response to soil quality. Phenological (six stages) and quantitative growth variables [relative growth rates in height (Rh ) and diameter (Rd )] were measured every fortnight. Based on harvest data, the variables, root:shoot (R:S) ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate in biomass (Rw ), net assimilation rate (NAR) and dry matter allocation to plant components, were determined. High clay content in soils prolonged the rosette stage, enhanced Rh and Rd and hampered root growth, but promoted biomass allocation to shoots. The extreme degree of plant mortality was observed, with only 33.3% individuals surviving to reproduce in the soils with highest clay contents. This appears to be one of the most important findings that certainly has a major bearing on the range of adaptation of the weed. Seed mass declined whereas seed production increased in relatively coarser soils with the exception of nearly pure sand. In soils rich in clay, plants produced a smaller number of larger seeds. These data suggest that variation in fundamental functional traits would enable P. hysterophorus to adjust to a variety of habitat conditions. 相似文献
78.
Detection of Colletotrichum coccodes and Helminthosporium solani in soils by bioassay 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The sensitivity of a bioassay in detecting soil inoculum of Colletotrichum coccodes and Helminthosporium solani was examined using potato minitubers and microplants. Tests were conducted on soils which were collected from fields in which the interval after a previous potato crop differed, and which were also artificially infested with conidia or microsclerotia. For C. coccodes , determining plant infection based on the occurrence of infected roots after 9–12 weeks was a sensitive method for detecting and quantifying the amount of inoculum in soil. Infestations of less than 0·4 microsclerotia per g soil were detected in artificially infested soils. A semiselective medium, developed for isolating C. gloeosporioides from pepper, detected soil infestations by C. coccodes as low as nine conidia or one microsclerotium per g soil in artificially infested soil. For H. solani , infection on minitubers was a sensitive measure, with soil inoculum of fewer than 10 conidia per g soil being detected. Soil infestation could be quantified by assessing the percentage surface area of minitubers covered by sporulating lesions, which was strongly related to the amount of soil infestation. The results of these bioassay tests were compared with published results for real-time quantitative PCR assays on the same soils. The two methods were in good agreement in artificially infested soils, but the bioassay appeared to be more sensitive with naturally infested soils. 相似文献
79.
通过12a大田长期定位试验研究了在自然降水条件、冬小麦—大豆轮作(或休闲)种植制度下,0~400cm土娄土剖面硝态氮分布与积累的特点。结果表明,长期单施氮肥,氮的表观利用率特别低,仅0.51%,氮肥配施钾、磷肥,氮的表观利用率为25%~35%,氮磷钾平衡施肥及配施有机肥,氮的表观利用率达到50%;施N肥方式显著影响土壤硝态氮积累和淋移,旱地土娄土长期单施化学氮肥或氮钾、氮磷、氮磷钾肥使土壤NO-3-N大量积累和淋移;氮磷钾与有机肥的配合施用能有效地缓解土壤对硝态氮的积累,提高氮肥利用率。 相似文献
80.
新疆农田土壤有机质含量及组成特征 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
目前新疆农田土壤有机质含量在5.30~24.21g/kg之间,平均14.65g/kg,与第二次土壤普查相比,新疆农田土壤有机质含量呈上升趋势;胡敏素碳含量占到有机质碳量的53%~70%,平均61%,腐殖酸碳量只占39%。 相似文献