水旱轮作对土壤微生物群落构建过程的影响机制

为探究稻田生态系统微生物学机制,采集水旱轮作稻田土壤,并以相同土壤母质下长期淹水的藕田土壤以及旱作的果树土壤为对照,研究了稻田生态系统细菌群落结构以及基于零模型的群落构建机制。结果表明:旱作和水旱轮作两个生态系统,由于频繁耕作以及施肥管理等农业措施形成特定的生态位格局,确定性过程主导群落构建。旱作生态系统下确定性过程占78.6%,随机性过程占10.7%;相对于旱作,由于水旱轮作的淹水条件,土壤肥力积累,水体连通性较好等特性导致内部环境变化缓和,其随机性过程(39.3%)影响增加,确定性过程(50.0%)下降;同理,长期淹水的水生生态系统中随机性群落构建(50.0%)成为主导过程。群落构建影响细菌群落结构和功能,因此随机性生态过程的增强进一步增加了细菌多样性以及物种生态网络的交互度和稳定性,增强了微生物抵抗外部环境扰动的能力,该过程有助于维持农田生态系统功能的稳定性和可持续性。     

水分状况及硼素营养对油菜苗期根系生长及硼营养效率的影响

采用温室盆栽试验 ,研究了不同土壤水分条件下施硼对油菜苗期根系生长、硼吸收、利用及其移动性的影响。结果表明 ,随土壤含水量、施硼量的下降 ,油菜根长、根体积、根系生长速率、根 /冠比减小 ,根系及地上部干物质积累降低 ,植株地上部硼浓度及含硼量下降。而硼利用效率、硼运移指数则随土壤含水量、施硼量的下降而升高。不同油菜品种的根系形态参数 (包括根长、根体积、根干重、根冠比及根系生长速率 )、硼利用效率及运移指数存在明显差异 ,即在相同条件下 ,V1根系较发达 ,硼利用效率、运移指数均高于V4 。研究认为 ,根系发达程度、硼利用效率及硼移动性大小是不同基因型油菜耐缺硼差异的重要因素。     

生产建设项目弃渣(土)场水土流失特征与防治措施

生产建设项目弃渣场种类繁多,弃渣成分、结构复杂,各类弃渣场的侵蚀形式、机制不尽相同,不易实施适宜的水土保持措施,致使弃渣场水土流失十分严重。通过介绍弃渣场存在的各类土壤侵蚀型式、归纳土壤侵蚀类型、分析岩土侵蚀特点,指出影响弃渣场土壤侵蚀的主要因素有排弃方式、组成物质、坡面以及堆积时间等。结合保证弃渣场安全稳定、恢复土地生产力的弃渣场水土流失防治目标,分析现有水土保持措施特点,提出健全弃渣场水土流失防治措施体系的建议,为弃渣场的水土流失防治提供科学依据。     

灌区土壤盐渍化发展模拟预测与对策研究

以秦王川灌区观测和调查资料为依据,采用目前广为实用的MODFLOW地下水模拟软件,对灌区地下水动态进行了预测和分析,并对地下水质的发展趋势作出评价。灌溉实施以来,秦王川灌区地下水位逐年上升。未来10年内盐沼区面积扩大约为28 km2,并且将继续增加,地下水埋深0~2 m的面积达31.4 km2,占灌区面积的比例约为6%。未来20年地下水埋深0~2 m的面积达47 km2,占灌区面积的比例为10%左右。根据地下水位的变化特征,对控制土壤盐渍化发展的因素和对策进行了分析,提出以明沟排水为主,加大灌区下游地下水排泄能力;以渠灌为主,适度发展井灌,大力推行田间节水灌溉技术等对策。     

土壤处理对西洋参根际线虫数量动态的影响及对防治茎线虫根腐病的效果

 Root rot of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) caused by Ditylenchus destructor is a novel disease found recently in Beijing area. The effects of three soil treatments (fumigating with chloropicrin, chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure and nematicide fosthiazate) on the number of rhizospheric nematodes, survived plants, root yield and root rot of 3-year ginseng plant were compared. The effects were also investigated at the second year after treatment. The results indicated that the number of parasitic nematodes in rhizosphere of treated soil reached the peak value in late June to early July as the soil temperature raised in the growing season. Compared with the regular treatment, the number of plant parasitic nematodes was reduced while non-plant parasitic nematodes increased. The number of non-plant parasitic nematodes in the soil treated with chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure was 2 times than that treated with chloropicrin only. The ratio of non-parasitic to parasitic nematodes of three treatments was higher than the control. Percent of survived plants was 94.8%-96.4% and diseased root was decreased obviously. The control efficacy was more than 89% at the first year after treatment. The survived plants and plot yield of ginseng increased significantly and the control efficacy was around 40% at the second year. The best of the three treatments was by chloropicrin + organic manure.     

Changes in the distributions of freshwater mussels (Unionoida: Hyriidae) in coastal south‐eastern Australia and implications for their conservation status

相似文献   

用电超滤法研究浙江省一些土壤的供钾状况

用电超滤(EUF)法研究了浙江省12个由不同粘粒矿物组成的代表性土样的供钾状况,结果表明:土壤的供钾强度(EUF—K_10)受粘粒矿物组成的影响甚小。土壤中高岭石的含量与其供钾数量(EUF—K10-30)和钾缓冲容量(EUF—K_(30-35))呈负相关,r值分别为-0.691~*和-0.760~(**)。土壤中伊利石的含量与其供钾数量和缓冲容量呈显著正相关,r值分别为0.821~(**)和0.863~(**)。高岭石含量高的土壤,钾的解吸率随时间延长而迅速下降。伊利石含量高的土壤,则钾的解吸率下降慢,并且固钾能力强。EUF—K与NH_4OAc法提取的钾和牧草吸收的钾之间都有显著的相关性,r值分别为0.912~(***)和0.884~(**)。EUF法经一轮提取又能同时提供土壤的供钾强度及数量、钾缓冲容量和固钾能力以及钾解吸率等信息,说明EUF法是研究和评价不同粘粒矿物组成的土壤之供钾状况的较好方法。     

Effect of ruminal dosing of mechanical stimulating brush on rumination time, ruminal passage rate and rumen fermentation status in Holstein steers fed a concentrate diet

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ruminal dosing of a mechanical stimulating brush on rumination time, ruminal passage rate and rumen fermentation status in steers fed a concentrate diet at maintenance level. Animals were dosed three Rumen Faibu (RF) per head through the rumen fistulae (RF treatment) and not dosed (control) in a change‐over design. The organic cell wall content of the concentrate diet was 12.7% of dry matter. Daily time spent on rumination was very short in both treatments with 24 min in RF treatment and 15 min in control. The turnover rate of ruminal fluid in RF treatment was higher than that in control. There were no differences in ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentration between RF treatment and control. Acetic and butyric acid concentrations were not different between the treatments. Propionic acid concentration tended to be higher in the animals on RF treatment than in control animals. The RF dosing in Holstein steers fed a low fiber diet did not affect the rumination time, but increased rumen digesta passage rate and ruminal propionic acid production.     

土壤含水率对浅层滑坡体不同层次土壤抗剪强度的影响

采用5种土壤质量含水率(0.05,0.08,0.10,0.12,0.15)水平,进行浅层滑坡体不同层次土壤在不同含水率条件下的不固结不排水剪切试验.试验表明,浅层滑坡体不同层次土壤抗剪强度与土壤含水率密切相关.土壤含水率对浅层滑坡体A层、B层和C层土壤抗剪强度指标的影响呈现出相同的规律.A层、B层和C层土壤黏聚力均随着土壤含水率的增加基本呈先增大后减小的趋势,在土壤含水率为0.10左右时土壤黏聚力达到其最大值,在相同土壤含水率条件下,土壤黏聚力的分布规律为C层>B层>A层.A层、B层和C层土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加近似呈线性减小,在相同土壤含水率条件下.土壤内摩擦角的分布规律为C层>B层>A层,但就随土壤含水率的增加,土壤内摩擦角减小的速率而言,呈现出B层>A层>C层的规律.消除和减轻地表水的危害是我国西南丘陵山地滑坡灾害防治的重要环节.     

非饱和土壤优先流运动特性的染色示踪研究

由于日益增长的环境问题,作为节水灌溉的基础——土壤中优先流的运动特性越来越受到关注。利用亮蓝对初始含水量不同的2组土壤中的非均匀流动进行了示踪研究。通过染色示踪试验采集土壤表平面的溶质迁移动态图像,结合图像分析讨论2种不同初始含水量土壤表平面溶质运移的变异过程。结果表明:2种初始含水量土壤中土样表面的溶质运移分布都不均匀;不同初始含水量土壤中土样表面溶质运移的动态过程不同;随着入渗时间与入渗水量的增大,2种初始含水量土壤中土样表面的分维数呈现非线性增长,染色剂的分布面积非线性扩大,但扩大程度非线性减小。