河滨带生态恢复研究进展

河滨带是重要的水陆交错区,具有一系列独特的性质和生态服务功能。由于自然环境变化以及人类的过度开发,全球范围内河滨带受到严重破坏。鉴于其在河流保护与生态服务等方面的重要作用,近几十年来得到广泛关注,也取得了一些研究成果。文中介绍了河岸湿地的定义及其退化状况,并从恢复物种多样性、改善土壤状况、水文恢复3个方面综述了国内外河滨带生态恢复研究进展,在此基础上分析现今研究存在的问题,并对未来发展趋势进行展望。     

不同肥料对桉树幼林生长、土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

为探讨不同肥料对桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)生长及林地土壤微生物和酶活性的效应,采用复混A肥料、复混B肥料、液态有菌肥和液态无菌肥等4种肥料对巨尾桉(E. erophylla)作追肥试验,为广西桉树生产提供参考依据。结果表明,追肥6个月后的桉树幼林高生长以复混A肥料最好,胸径生长以液态无菌肥最好。复混A肥料增强了林地4种酶活性,同时真菌数量在所有处理中最高。本研究结果初步表明,复混A肥料在促进桉树生长方面优于其他供试肥料,但其效果还需要长期定位试验验证。     

秦岭南坡林地土壤有机碳密度空间分异特征

【目的】研究陕西秦岭南坡林地土壤有机碳密度空间分异特征,为秦岭林区土壤有机碳科学管理提供理论依据。【方法】在陕西秦岭南坡不同林区(洋县长青、佛坪县龙草坪、太白县太白山、宁陕县宁东和宁陕县宁西)及立地条件(海拔、坡向、坡位和坡度)设置样地,通过调查、取样和测定,采用差异性检验分析不同立地因子对土壤有机碳密度(tC·hm^-2)的影响,并通过逐步回归分析量化各因子对土壤有机碳密度影响的相对重要性。【结果】秦岭南坡林地土壤有机碳密度均值为125.41tC·hm^-2(52.60~307.36tC·hm^-2),在0~10,10~30和30~60cm土层分别为59.04,41.65和24.73tC·hm^-2,分别占土壤有机碳总密度的47.07%,33.21%和19.72%;秦岭南坡不同林区土壤有机碳密度差异较大,表现为龙草坪(143.55tC·hm^-2)>宁东(138.37tC·hm^-2)>宁西(134.09tC·hm-2)>太白山(109.29tC·hm^-2)>长青(90.22tC·hm^-2);土壤有机碳密度随海拔升高先增后降,在海拔800~1200m最低(平均90.24tC·hm^-2),在海拔2000~2400m最大(平均166.43tC·hm^-2),当海拔高于2400m后下降(平均132.51tC·hm^-2);阴坡土壤有机碳密度(127.23tC·hm^-2)稍高于阳坡(123.25tC·hm^-2);土壤有机碳密度随坡度增大而降低,由147.52tC·hm^-2减至87.06tC·hm^-2;土壤有机碳密度在下坡位(166.36tC·hm^-2)大于中坡位(129.43tC·hm^-2)和上坡位(77.14tC·hm^-2)。【结论】秦岭南坡林地土壤有机碳密度存在显著的区域差异,并随海拔升高先升后降,在各海拔间和不同坡位间均差异显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01),但在阴坡与阳坡间无显著差异。逐步回归分析表明,坡位和海拔是影响土壤有机碳密度差异的主导立地因子。与我国其他主要林区相比,陕西秦岭南坡林地土壤有机碳密度处于较高水平,在我国森林土壤碳库中具有重要地位,应加强管理。     

Converting conventional agriculture to poplar bioenergy crops: soil greenhouse gas flux

Conversion of agricultural fields to bioenergy crops can affect greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Soil GHG emissions were measured seasonally in poplar bioenergy and agricultural fields at three Northwestern US locations. A forest stand was also used at one location for comparison. A portable gas analyzer was used to measure CO₂ efflux and CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were first measured with chambers and later with gradients. Agricultural soil had 17% larger CO₂ efflux rates than poplar soil. Chamber fluxes showed no differences in CH₄ uptake but did show higher N₂O fluxes in poplar than agricultural soil. Gradient CH₄ uptake rates were highest in agricultural soil in the summer but showed no N₂O flux differences. Forest soils had smaller quarterly CO₂ efflux rates than agricultural soils and greater CH₄ uptake rates than poplar soils. The largest GHG contributor to soil GHG flux was CO₂, with those being ～1000 times larger than CH₄ flux rates and ～500 times larger than N₂O flux rates based on CO₂ equivalences. Converting conventional agricultural cropland to poplar bioenergy production does not have adverse effects on soil greenhouse gas flux and these results could be useful for modeling or life cycle analysis of land use conversion.     

Studies on the material resistance and moisture dynamics of Common juniper,English yew,Black cherry,and Rowan

The overall aim of this study was to provide comprehensive durability characteristics of wood species underutilized but frequently occurring in Central and Northern Europe: Common juniper (Juniperus communis L.), Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), English yew (Taxus baccata L.), and Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.). Decay resistance was tested against white and brown rot causing basidiomycetes and soft rot causing micro-fungi in terrestrial microcosms. Their wetting ability was determined in terms of capillary water uptake at the end-grain, the liquid water uptake during submersion, the water vapor uptake at high humidity, and the water release during drying. All tests were performed with unleached and leached specimens. Durability classes were assigned based on results from the different tests. Juniper and Yew were classified very durable (Durability class DC 1); Black cherry and Rowan were found to be less durable (DC 3–5). Leaching did not affect the durability classification significantly. Durability characteristics were completed with different indicators for the wetting ability of the four wood species. The combined effect of wetting ability and inherent decay resistance was considered for service life modeling based on a resistance model using dose–response relationships between material climate (dose) and fungal decay above ground (response).     

浅谈森林采伐对土壤呼吸的影响

阐述了森林生态系统土壤呼吸的概念及研究意义,探讨了影响森林土壤呼吸的因子,并着重论述了森林采伐对土壤呼吸的影响,同时指出确定土壤呼吸对森林生态系统不同经营方式的反馈作用,对选取适当的森林经营措施具有重要的指导意义。     

关帝山森林土壤有机碳和氮素的空间变异特征

在庞泉沟自然保护区选择3个生态功能区设置典型样地,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法研究了森林土壤有机碳、全氮及碳氮比的空间变异特征及分布格局.结果表明,随着生态系统由人工林→次生演替早期杨桦阔叶林→次生演替中后期云杉、杨、桦混交林顺向演替,土壤有机碳和全氮平均值先增加后减小,碳氮比平均值呈逐渐减小趋势.3指标变异系数在11...     

The effect of tractor logging on forest soil compaction and growth ofShorea selanica seedlings in Indonesia

The hardness in soil was investigated in four forest areas in Indonesia after a crawler tractor passed over it several times. The hardness in soil, expressed by bulk density, was measured at various depth and various distances from the main track. Recovery of soil hardness was also examined. The bulk density increased markedly by the first and second pass of the tractor, but did not change after the fifth pass. The bulk density was highest just under the main and the log track, and decreased with an increase in distance from the track (0.5 to 1.5 m). The greatest increase in bulk density was observed at the depth of 0–5 cm. The soil hardness tended to show recovery within 9 years after logging, though not completely. Growth and root penetration of seedlingsShorea selanica decreased with the increase of soil hardness. We considered that the 2 tractor passes that caused bulk density of 1.3 g/cm³ is critical for the growth ofS. selanica’s seedling.     

乐昌含笑人工林培肥土壤与涵养水源功能分析

以杉木人工林为对照,采用标准地法分析了10年生乐昌含笑人工林土壤的理化性质、林下植被生物量及凋落物现存量、林分涵养水源的功能。发现乐昌含笑人工林表层土壤水稳性团聚体含量比杉木人工林增加3.80%,非毛管孔隙和总孔隙分别比杉木人工林高4.84%和7.46%,林地凋落物质量的(F+H)/L的比值为0.45,高于杉木纯林的0.21,乐昌含笑0～20 cm土层有机质、全N、全P分别比杉木纯林增加19.07%、13.67%和3.42%,水解性N、速效P、速效K分别增加3.64%、6.17%和11.01%,地上部分最大持水量达10.26 t/hm2,高于杉木人工林的9.02 t/hm2。     

采煤塌陷对风沙土容重影响的试验研究

以神东矿区采煤塌陷后风沙土土壤容重为研究对象,通过野外调查、实地实验观测和室内分析测试,对不同坡位、不同土层、不同塌陷年限和不同塌陷程度风沙土容重变化进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明：在水平方向上,在不同塌陷程度上,土壤容重随塌陷程度的加深,容重变小;在不同坡位上,塌陷区土壤容重均小于对照区,塌陷后土壤容重变小,随塌陷年限的增加,土体沉陷的稳定,土壤容重有与对照区差异减小的趋势;在垂直层次上表现出对照区和塌陷区变化趋势基本一致,但各层变化幅度存在明显差异,随着塌陷程度的增大,容重以指数函数形式减小。