黄土高原小流域土壤养分空间特征及其与地形因子的相关性

【目的】分析黄土高原地区小流域内土壤养分含量的空间特征及其与地形因子的相关性,为养分精确管理和土地资源高效利用提供参考依据。【方法】以位于黄土高原的陕西彬县红岩河小流域为例,于2011年结合GPS共采集了121个田间土样,对其土壤养分(有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、有效钾)含量进行测定,并应用地统计学方法对土壤养分含量半方差函数模型及其参数进行了确定,用普通克里格插值(Kriging)绘制了研究区土壤养分空间分布图,统计分析高程、坡度、坡向、坡形等地形因子与土壤养分含量的相关性,并进行了插值结果检验。【结果】陕西彬县红岩河小流域土壤碱解氮的空间变异性很弱,有机质、速效磷和有效钾具有强烈的空间变异性。各养分含量空间分布均呈斑块状,条带性分布趋势不明显。总体上土壤有机质和速效养分含量与高程和坡度呈负相关,与坡向呈正相关,与坡形相关不显著。【结论】随机性变异(人为因素)对碱解氮的空间变异起主导作用,且变程较小,有机质、速效磷和有效钾的空间变异主要由结构性变异(自然因素)引起,且变程较大。高程、坡度及坡向明显影响土壤养分的含量和分布。     

江西省4种水稻土养分限制因子的初步研究

对来自江西农业大学农学实验站、余干县梅岗乡、余干县华林岗乡及星子县廖化镇等４种水稻土,进行实验室分析与吸附试验,并在此基础上确定温室盆栽试验方案,研究４种土壤的养分状况及对高梁生长的影响,为制订水稻施肥方案提供参数依据。结果表明,江西农业大学实验站水稻土主要缺Ｐ,Ｎ,Ｋ,Ｓ,Ｍｏ,Ｚｎ,Ｂ,Ｍｇ等,盆栽不施这些元素,相对产量分别是１７．９％,２９．１％,４１．８％,５３．７％,５８．２％,５８．２     

不同咸水利用方式对棉花叶绿素荧光参数及土壤盐分的影响

【目的】本研究旨在科学合理地利用浅层咸水资源。【方法】依托短期定位试验开展了在第3年和第4年不同咸水利用方式下(CK:造墒和蕾期灌淡水;T1:造墒和蕾期灌咸淡混配矿化度3 g·L^-1的微咸水;T2:淡水造墒蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T3:造墒和蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T4:淡水造墒蕾期不灌水)棉花长势、叶绿素荧光参数、土壤盐分累积及其运移的变化。【结果】T1和T2处理的齐苗率、株高、干物质质量、叶面积指数、叶绿素荧光参数、产量及霜前花率与CK无显著差异,土壤盐分含量较CK有所增加,但未对棉花生长产生明显抑制。T3处理的棉花长势指标、叶绿素荧光参数较CK显著降低,0~100 cm土壤盐分含量较CK明显增加。【结论】从土壤质量安全和咸水高效利用的角度考虑,连续4年用3 g·L^-1的咸淡混合水灌溉或用淡水与5 g·L^-1的咸水轮灌不仅能节约淡水,且不影响棉花产量。本研究结果为当地在棉花生产中安全利用咸水提供技术参考。     

基于RS和GIS的川西天然林保护区土壤侵蚀动态研究

利用1989,1999年的TM和2007年SPOT5遥感影像,运用RS和GIS技术对四川省甘孜州道孚县甲斯孔林场土壤侵蚀状况进行了动态监测研究。结果表明,天然林保护工程实施前(1989-1999年),研究区轻度侵蚀区和强度侵蚀区面积不断增加,说明土壤状况整体上处于恶化趋势;实施天然林保护工程后(1998-2007年),强度侵蚀区面积下降,中度侵蚀区面积上升,表明水土保持状况趋于好转,土壤状况恶化趋势得到反转,但改善幅度不够明显。天然林保护工程在促进植被恢复和提高水土保持功能等方面有着积极的作用。     

溶磷微生物菌剂对土壤营养元素及玉米生长的影响

为比较不同溶磷菌剂在田间应用效果,通过田间小区试验,研究3种菌剂草酸青霉I1(I1)、黑曲霉H1(H1)和巨大芽孢杆菌BM(BM)对土壤营养元素动态变化以及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:施用3种菌剂,土壤有效磷含量显著提高,在不同磷水平下,土壤有效磷含量比对照提高6.47%-37.13%。在P₂O₅92 kg·hm^-2水平下,在玉米生长前期,施用3种菌剂,土壤pH值显著降低,土壤交换性Ca、Mg和有效性Fe、Cu、Zn含量以及玉米叶片SOD、POD和CAT酶活性显著增加,而有效Mn的含量降低;总体上,各处理间提高土壤交换性钙、镁和有效锌的能力为H1>I1>BM,提高土壤有效铁能力为H1≥BM>I1,提高土壤有效铜能力为BM>H1>I1。不同磷水平下,施用3种菌剂后,玉米产量显著提高,在P₂O₅92 kg·hm^-2水平下,施用微生物菌剂玉米产量比CK增加8.2%-12.1%,总体上,增产效果为I1>H1>BM。     

AM菌根磷酸酶对玉米菌根际土壤磷的影响及其细胞化学定位

以玉米为材料,利用3室隔网培养方法探讨了取自肥料长期定位试验中多年施用与不施用有机肥的田间小区土壤,接种菌根菌（G.mosseae)对玉米根际土壤酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性及土壤不同形态磷的影响,并对磷酸酶产生位点进行显微细胞化学定位。结果表明,接种AM菌根菌对根际土壤酸性磷酸酶活性均有增强作用。但作用程度在有机肥小区土壤上要大于无机肥小区土壤。菌丝分泌磷酸酶对土壤磷的吸收有益。根际土壤酸性磷酸酶细胞化学定位结果表明,活性菌丝上有明显的酸性磷酸酶的反应产物,生产健壮的菌丝有较强的酶活性,衰老的菌丝未见酶反应产物,说明只有成熟的根外菌根菌丝才能分泌磷酸酶。     

夏季填闲对连作黄瓜根区土壤酶活性及土壤化学性状的影响

采用盆栽试验,以小麦、黑麦、苏丹草,鼠尾草、罗勒和油菜等六种植物为填闲作物,以夏季休闲为对照,研究不同夏季填闲作物对黄瓜根区土壤酶活性和化学性状的影响。结果表明,不同夏季填闲作物影响连作黄瓜根区土壤EC值、有机质含量、速效氮、磷、钾含量、土壤酶活性。其中填闲小麦处理对土壤EC值有显著降低作用;苏丹草、油菜和黑麦处理对土壤碱解氮含量具有显著降低作用;各填闲处理均能提升土壤速效磷含量,其中黑麦处理的作用效果显著高于其他处理。苏丹草和油菜处理与其他处理相比能够显著降低土壤速效钾含量。苏丹草、黑麦和小麦处理的土壤脲酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于对照;油菜处理的土壤多酚氧化酶活性显著高于其他处理;除油菜外,各个填闲处理脱氢酶活性均显著高于对照。在提高连作黄瓜土壤的酶活性方面,各处理作用效果依次为苏丹草、黑麦、小麦、罗勒、鼠尾草、油菜。在降低养分富集、改善土壤化学性状方面,依次为油菜、苏丹草、黑麦、小麦、罗勒、鼠尾草。     

Evaluating the Effect of Nutrient Levels of Major Soil Types on the Productivity of Wheatlands in Hungary

Soil nutrient status is one of the most important constituents of land productivity. The research presented in this article is aimed at describing the influence of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium availability on crop yields across the major soil types of Hungary, under different climatic conditions. For this purpose, historical times series data from a 5-year period (1985–1989) regarding soil, land management, and crop yield of more than 80,000 fields, representing approximately 4 million ha of arable land, were statistically analyzed. The database was recently recovered from statistical archives stored in the format of digital records of the early 1980s and were used to study the productivity of major soil types for winter wheat cropping under balanced fertilizer input. Calculations were made to quantify the effects of soil nutrient levels. The evaluation was also performed for optimal and suboptimal climate conditions. Results show that the effect of nitrogen availability (as obtained from organic-matter content) had the largest influence on winter wheat yields. Up to a 26% difference in yields was observed, both on those soils with balanced material regimes and on those with leaching material regimes, under optimal climatic conditions. The effect of different levels of phosphorous was most significant under optimal climatic conditions on soils with balanced material regimes, reaching up to 17% difference between soils with very low and high phosphorous levels. The effect of different levels of potassium was the least significant in soils with balanced material regimes (maximum 8% difference among categories) and somewhat more pronounced in soils with leaching material regimes. Differences between the effects of nutrient levels due to climatic variation were also observed. According to our findings, stable production can be planned on croplands with average nutrient availability, regardless which of the two soil types they belong to. On the other hand, yield gap can be detected on fields with both low and high nutrient levels among optimal and suboptimal years, for all three nutrients [nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (N–P–K)] of the analysis. Although our findings are based on historical data, most of the main relationships described are valid under current climatic and management conditions as well.     

Field and Laboratory Evaluation of the Cardy Nitrate-Nitrogen Meter for Measuring Soil Solution Nitrate Nitrogen in Hawaiian Soils

The estimation of plant-available nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) is essential for any nutrient-management plan but can be time-consuming and expensive. However, the efficacy of rapid methods to determine soil NO₃-N levels designed for grower use has received mixed reviews in the literature. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the Cardy electrode-based meter for measuring soil solution NO₃-N concentrations under a perennial peanut living mulch in two mixed orchard systems on O'ahu and (2) determine the influence of soil type on measurement accuracy and precision under laboratory conditions. To achieve the first objective, 24 lysimeters were installed 15–30 cm deep at each of two fruit tree orchards with different soils and climate on Oahu island. For the second objective, a replicated column study was conducted, in which NO₃-N solutions of varied concentrations were leached through three representative agricultural soils (Wahiawa, Loleka'a, and Waialua series). Field soil solution and column leachate were analyzed using the portable electrode-based meter and a standard laboratory colorimetric method. In the field samples, soil solution NO₃-N ranged from <1 to 110 mg/L, and there was a strong correlation (r²?=?0.92) between the portable meter and colorimetric values. Similarly, a strong correlation between the Cardy meter and the laboratory methods was observed in the column study, although r ² values varied with soil type. The data suggest that the Cardy meter can be used to rapidly and accurately measure soil solution NO₃-N, if its concentrations are relatively high and concentrations of interfering ions such as chloride (Cl^?) are low. Overall, the primary value of this rapid method may be in estimating relative changes in soil nitrate in response to nutrient management at a single site.     

灌溉对土壤水分分布和潜水蒸发的影响

通过室内土柱试验,对3种灌水处理条件下不同地下水埋深土壤中的水分分布和潜水蒸发规律进行了分析。结果表明,灌溉制度和地下水埋深对潜水蒸发影响较大。在同一水位下,总灌水量相同,灌水频率不同时,随灌水频率增加,潜水蒸发量显著减少;在同一水位下,低灌水频率土壤随次灌水量增加潜水蒸发减少,且水位越深,潜水蒸发量减少越大,水位越浅,潜水蒸发量减少越小。