呼伦贝尔寸草苔草原群落特征及物种多样性与土壤理化性质的关系

[目的]研究内蒙古呼伦贝尔寸草苔草原群落特征及物种多样性与土壤理化性质的关系,为草原生态系统的保护和恢复提供科学参考。[方法]对呼伦贝尔寸草苔草原95个典型样地进行群落调查,研究呼伦贝尔寸草苔草原4种群落类型间群落特征及物种多样性与土壤理化性质之间的关系。[结果](1)群落特征中,地上生物量、物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数在4种群落类型间以寸草苔—一二年生草类群落最高;土壤理化性质中,全氮和全磷均以寸草苔—根茎型草类群落最高。(2)寸草苔—丛生草类群落和寸草苔—杂类草群落中,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷与地上生物量、地下生物量呈显著正相关关系。(3)寸草苔—根茎型草类群落和寸草苔—一二年生草类群落中,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷与Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数呈显著负相关关系。[结论]呼伦贝尔寸草苔草原群落特征在4种群落类型间存在不同程度差异,土壤理化性质中土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷是影响群落特征和物种多样性差异的主要因子。     

Assessing the impact of interfering organic matter on soil metaproteomic workflow

Soil organic matter (SOM) is biologically, chemically, and physically complex. As a major store of nutrients within the soil, it plays an important role in nutrient provision to plants. An enhanced understanding of SOM utilisation processes could underpin better fertiliser management for plant growth, with reduced environmental losses. Metaproteomics can allow the characterisation of protein profiles and could help gain insights into SOM microbial decomposition mechanisms. Here, we applied three different extraction methods to two soil types to recover SOM with different characteristics. Specifically, water-extractable organic matter, mineral-associated organic matter and protein-bound organic matter were targeted with the aim to investigate the metaproteome enriched in those extractions. As a proof-of-concept, replicated extracts from one soil were further analysed for peptide identification using liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry. We employed a framework for mining mass spectra for both peptide assignment and fragmentation pattern characterisation. Different extracts were found to exhibit contrasting total protein and humic substance content for the two soils investigated. Overall, water extracts displayed the lowest humic substance content (in both soils) and the highest number of peptide identifications (in the soil investigated) with the most frequent peptide hits associated with diverse substrate/ligand binding proteins of Proteobacteria and derived taxa. Our framework also highlighted a strong peptidic signal in unassigned and unmatched spectra, information that is currently not captured by the pipelines employed in this study. Taken together, this work points to specific areas for optimisation in chromatography and mass spectrometry to adequately characterise SOM-associated metaproteomes.     

冻土斜坡的热融滑塌变形破坏机制分析与评估

通过对冻土的分布特征、物理力学特性与典型热融滑塌路段的研究,分析了冻土产生热融滑塌破坏的机制,进而对冻土斜坡进行稳定性计算和预测,最后提出一些处理措施。     

茂名小良水土流失的灰色预测

运用灰色系统理论对水土流失的影响进行了灰色预测,建立小良水土流失的预测模型,旨在为小良的水土流失的治理提供科学依据,促进小良的可持续发展。     

气候对早稻土壤供肥能力的影响

为了给测土配方施肥提供土壤供肥能力的参考依据，1987年至2005年在土壤肥力较一致的马肝泥田上进行了土壤供肥能力的多点田间试验。结果表明，气候对土壤供肥能力影响显著。土壤供肥能力：高温少雨年份K2O〉N〉P2O5，低温多雨年份P2O5〉K2O〉N，正常年份K2O〉P2O5〉N。土壤供肥比例（N：P2O5：K2O）：高温少雨年份为1：0．23：0．58，低温多雨年份为1：0．29：0．56，正常年份为1：0．25：0．62。     

Assessing long term effects of compost fertilization on soil fertility and nitrogen mineralization rate

Background

Fertilization with organic waste compost can close the nutrient cycles between urban and rural environments. However, its effect on yield and soil fertility must be investigated.

Aim

This study investigated the long-term effect of compost on soil nutrient and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) concentration, nutrient budgets, and nitrogen (N) mineralization and efficiency.

Methods

After 21 years of annual compost application (100/400 kg N ha^–1 year^–1 [100BC/400BC]) alone and combined with mineral fertilization, soil was analyzed for pH, organic carbon (SOC), nutrient (total N and P, N_min, extractable CAL-P, CAL-K, and Mg), and PTE (Cu, Ni, Zn) concentrations. Yields were recorded and nutrient/PTE budgets and apparent net mineralization (ANM, only 2019) were calculated.

Results

N efficiency was the highest in maize and for mineral fertilization. Compost application led to lower N efficiencies, but increased ANM, SOC, pH, and soil N, and surpluses of N, P, and all PTEs. Higher PTE concentrations were only found in 400BC for Cu. Nutrient budgets correlated with soil nutrient concentration. A surplus of 16.1 kg P ha^–1 year^–1 and 19.5 kg K ha^–1 year^–1 resulted in 1 mg kg^–1 increase in CAL-P and CAL-K over 21 years.

Conclusion

Compost application supplies nutrients to crops with a minor risk of soil-accumulation of PTEs. However, the nutrient stoichiometry provided by compost does not match crop offtakes causing imbalances. Synchronization of compost N mineralization and plant N demand does not match and limits the yield effect. In winter wheat only 65–70% of N mineralization occurred during the growth period.     

沙壤性碳酸盐土壤上砷和重金属的运移

The continued effect of the pyrite-tailing oxidation on the mobility of arsenic, lead, zinc, cadmium, and copper was studied in a carbonated soil under natural conditions, with the experimental plot preserved with a layer of tailing covering the soil during three years. The experimental area is located in Southern Spain and was affected by a pyrite-mine spill. The climate in the area is typically Mediterranean, which determines the rate of soil alteration and element mobility. The intense alteration processes that occurred in the soil during three years caused important changes in its morphology and a strong degradation of the main soil properties. In this period, lead concentrated in the first 5 mm of the soil, with concentrations higher than 1500 mg kg^-1, mainly associated to the neoformation of plumbojarosite. Arsenic was partially leached from the first 5 mm and mainly concentrated between 5-10 mm in the soil, with maximum values of 1239 mg kg^-1; the retention of arsenates was related to the neoformation of iron hydroxysulfates (jarosite, schwertmannite) and oxyhydroxides (goethite, ferrihydrite), both with a variable degree of crystallinity. The mobility of Zn, Cd, and Cu was highly affected by pH, producing a stronger leaching in depth; their retention was related to the forms of precipitated aluminium and, in the case of Cu, also to the neoformation of hydroxysulfate.     

东北低山丘陵区土地资源评价和水土保持生态建设——以黑龙江省东部红旗流域为例

在综合调查和实地勘查的基础上,对东北低山丘陵区有代表性的红旗流域土地资源进行了分析和评价。根据流域发展和生态建设的要求,调整了其土地利用结构。确定了该区水土保持生态建设的具体措施和工程规模,并计算了其效益。     

红壤坡耕地人工模拟降雨条件下植物篱笆水土保持效应及机理研究

结果表明 ,与大豆单作相比 ,黄花菜和百喜草植物篱笆径流量、侵蚀量分别减少了 4 .6 7% ,37.82 % ,植物篱笆处理和大豆单作处理的径流量、侵蚀量与开始形成径流所经历的时间之间呈显著负相关 ,而径流量与侵蚀量之间为显著正相关关系 ,建立了相应的降雨产流、降雨产沙、径流侵蚀回归模型。植物篱笆的水土保持机理表现在 :植物篱笆地上部的缓流和分流作用 ,有效地减弱径流的携沙能力 ,减少了细沟侵蚀 ;地上部分可阻挡土壤大颗粒和过滤土壤小颗粒 ;植物篱笆地下部根系显著改善了耕层土壤的物理性状 ,显著提高了土壤的抗冲性 ;土壤性状显著增强了土壤的入渗能力 ,植物篱笆带在较长的时间内维持较高的土壤入渗量和较大的稳定入渗速率     

城市化对上海土壤环境质量的影响

Heavy metal contents in the soils in the Baoshan District of Shanghai were monitored to evaluate the risk of soil environmental quality degradation due to rapid urbanization and to reveal the ways of heavy metal accumulation in soil during rapid urban sprawl. It was found that the soils in this district were commonly contaminated by Pb, Zn and Cd. Evaluated with a geo-accumulation index (I_geo), the rate of Pb contamination in soils was 100% with 59% of these graded as moderate-severe or severe; Zn contamination reached 59% with 6% graded as moderate-severe or severe; and Cd contamination was over 50%, with one site graded as moderate-severe and another severe-extremely severe. Metal contamination of soils around the Shanghai metropolis was mainly attributed to trame, industrial production, wastewater irrigation and improper disposal of solid wastes. Because of continuing urbanization, the cultivated land around the metropolis should be comprehensively planned and carefully managed. Also the soil environmental quality of vegetable production bases in this area should be monitored regularly, with vegetables to be grown selected according to the degrees and types of soil contamination.