中兽医药技术是猪只康养最佳供给体系

在我国养猪业面临产品安全和环境污染两大瓶颈的情势下,如何使所生产的猪肉食用卫生,所排粪污环境安全,纯天然、无污染、广效低毒、绿色环保的中兽医药学为破解这两大瓶颈提供了技术支撑。充分发挥我国传统的中兽医药技术的特色和优势,构建以中兽医药为主体的猪只康养技术供给体系,旨在集生产管理"适其天性"、所喂药料"无污染"、治疗药物"纯天然"、预防措施治"未病"、治疗方法"和谐调节"和四季保健"药饲同源"于一体的技术供给体系,从源头上破解这两大难题,从而实现猪只康养,环境安全,猪肉安康,凸显出中兽医药是猪只康养的最佳供给体系。     

干旱矿区不同干扰强度下土壤种子库特征

土壤种子库是矿区植被恢复的重要因素,其特征在一定程度上反映了区域的植被恢复潜力。本研究通过样地调查和室内萌发法对乌海新星煤矿区3种不同干扰条件下的土壤种子库及与其地表植被之间的关系进行分析。结果表明:1)新星矿区土壤种子库共有18种植物,隶属于7科16属,物种生活型以多年生草本植物为主;2)新星矿区土壤种子库平均储量较小(226.51~739.17粒·m^?2),并且随着土层深度增加而呈递减趋势,其90%以上的种子储藏在0?10 cm的表层土壤;3)研究区土壤种子库植物与地上植被的共有物种数少,土壤种子库与地上植被的植物群落相似性较低;4)随着干扰强度的增大,种子库的植被恢复潜力呈现先增大后减少的趋势:道路周边受到中度干扰的自然植被区朝着有利的方向发展,而采矿周边受重度干扰的自然植被区会受到较大负面影响,其多样性以及与其他分区植物群落的相似性较小,种子密度显著降低(P<0.05)。     

抗菌肽粗提物对肉鸡生长性能、粪便微生物菌群结构及经济效益的影响

为分析抗菌肽粗提物对肉鸡生长性能、粪便微生物菌群结构及经济效益的影响,试验选择体重相近的21日龄白羽肉鸡600只,随机分成4组,每组15个重复,每个重复10只,1组为空白对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验2、3、4组在基础日粮中分别添加1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的抗菌肽粗提物,试验期为21 d。结果表明：（1）试验2、3、4组的平均采食均高于1组（P > 0.05）|试验3、4组的平均日增重较1组比分别提高11.0%、9.4%（P ＜ 0.05）,料重比较1组比分别降低18.5%、15.2% （P ＜ 0.05）|（2）试验3、4组粪便中大肠杆菌的含量较1组分别降低14.3%、18.0%（P ＜ 0.05）,试验3、4组粪便中乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌的含量较1组比分别提高4.6%、6.7%、14.5%、12.3%（P ＜ 0.05）|（3）试验3、4组每只肉鸡经济效益较1组比分别提高19.3%、17.7%。综上,1.5%抗菌肽粗提物添加可以提高白羽肉鸡生长性能,改善粪便微生物菌群结构,提高其经济效益。 [关键词] 抗菌肽粗提物|白羽肉鸡|生长性能|粪便微生物菌群结构|经济效益     

不同埋藏方式及杀菌剂处理对黄土高原3种植物种子存活的影响

为了探讨黄土高原典型草原植物病原真菌如何影响土壤种子存活,采用“种子袋埋藏与取回”的方法,对该地区3种常见植物胡枝子、长芒草和狗尾草种子进行杀菌剂处理、并且以不同方式（单种或者不同种混合）装入尼龙网袋后埋入土壤中,在田间分别埋藏1和3个月后取回种子袋,统计每袋种子的存活情况,并且进行萌发试验,检测种子生活力状况。结果表明：1）长芒草种子的田间发芽率最高,平均约为51.9%,显著高于胡枝子（14.6%）和狗尾草（26.1%）（P<0.05）;随着埋藏时间的增加,3种植物种子发芽率显著增加;然而杀菌剂处理以及不同埋藏方式对种子发芽率没有显著影响。2）胡枝子种子的田间死亡率最低,平均约为1%,长芒草和狗尾草种子的田间死亡率分别为5.1%和4.4%;埋藏1个月后,杀菌剂未处理和单种埋藏条件下长芒草和狗尾草种子的田间死亡率分别为12.5%和11.0%,显著高于其他处理组合下两种植物种子的死亡率（P<0.05）;胡枝子种子在埋藏1和3个月时,其种子死亡率在不同处理组合之间均无显著差异。3）长芒草种子的室内萌发率最高,平均约为64.3%,显著高于胡枝子（5.9%）和狗尾草（29.2%）（P<0.05）。随着埋藏时间的增加,胡枝子和狗尾草种子的室内萌发率显著下降,而长芒草种子的室内萌发率却显著增加。结果表明,病原真菌对土壤种子存活的影响因植物种而异;较单种埋藏相比,混合埋藏降低了种子的死亡率,可能是由于混合埋藏稀释了病原真菌的效应所致。     

培肥措施对旱地农田土壤CO2排放和碳库管理指数的影响

阐明长期有机物料施肥下土壤CO₂排放特征及其影响机制以及碳库管理指数对黄土高原旱作农业区固碳减排及施肥模式选择的影响尤为重要。基于2012年设置在陇中黄土高原旱作区的长期定位试验,通过不施肥（CK）、氮肥（NF）、有机肥（OM）、秸秆（ST）、有机肥结合无机肥（OMNF）5个处理,测定并计算了2018年不同施肥措施下全年土壤CO₂排放、作物碳排放效率和碳库管理指数的变化,并运用结构方程模型分析了0~30 cm土壤温度、水分、微生物量碳氮、易氧化有机碳、蔗糖酶、脲酶与土壤CO₂排放速率的关系。结果表明：1）与不施肥相比,秸秆、有机结合无机肥和有机肥处理使生育期土壤CO₂排放平均速率提高了42.72%、30.82%和29.79%,秸秆、有机肥处理分别使生育期土壤CO₂排放量显著提高36.35%、32.45%（P<0.05）,有机结合无机肥处理使碳排放效率显著降低41.10%（P<0.05）;2）有机物料处理均能显著提高0~5 cm土层易氧化有机碳、微生物量碳氮、蔗糖酶活性和碳库管理指数,相比不施肥和氮肥处理,有机结合无机肥处理分别使0~30 cm土壤碳库管理指数提高127.41%,99.33%（P<0.05）;3）结构方程模型表明,环境因子对土壤CO₂排放速率的总解释度为53%,对土壤CO₂排放速率总效应较大的影响因素包括土壤温度（2.36）、微生物量碳（1.59）和土壤水分（1.18）,且均间接地影响着土壤CO₂排放速率,土壤温度促进了微生物量碳和蔗糖酶活性的提高,微生物量碳促进了微生物量氮和易氧化有机碳的增加。综合来看,有机结合无机肥处理可以提升土壤碳库管理指数,保持微生物活性,增加作物产量,降低土壤碳排放效率,是陇中黄土高原旱作农业区比较适宜的农田培肥措施。     

祁连山不同类型草地土壤细菌群落特征研究

祁连山是我国西部重要的生态屏障,拥有大量的草地资源。研究草地土壤细菌群落组成及其与土壤环境因子间的关系,可对维持草地生态及了解祁连山土壤细菌群落组成提供一定的数据基础。采用高通量测序技术检测并分析了祁连山默勒镇3种类型草地 （高寒草甸、人工草地、沼泽化草甸）0~10 cm土壤细菌群落结构及多样性,并对上述土壤细菌群落与土壤理化因子的相关性进行了系统的研究。结果表明：1）沼泽化草甸土壤全氮、全磷、有机质碳、含水量和硝态氮显著高于高寒草甸和人工草地（P<0.05）。2）3地共测得有效序列1022446条,以97%的一致性将序列聚类,高寒草甸、人工草地、沼泽化草甸OTU聚类均值分别是4917、5233、5075条。3）Shannon和Simpson多样性指数3地间差异不显著,Chao1指数表现为人工草地>高寒草甸>沼泽化草甸（P<0.05）。4）在门水平上,3地均以变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门和浮霉菌门为主要类群;在属水平上,表现出不同类型草地细菌富集类型不同。5）有机质碳、全磷、土壤含水量与土壤细菌群落的组成表现出极显著相关（P<0.01）。综上,祁连山地区小生境内3种草地土壤微生物群落存在差异,有机质碳、全磷、土壤含水量是影响群落的主要驱动因子。     

藏北燕麦草地持续利用与撂荒对高寒草甸土壤特征的影响

为研究不同利用方式对藏北高寒草甸建植一年生燕麦（Avena sativa Linn.）人工草地的土壤理化性质及土壤细菌群落的影响,本试验于8月份植物生长旺季,在持续利用人工草地（AG）、撂荒人工草地（AC）和对照天然草地（NG）采集土壤样品,分析了土壤理化性质、土壤细菌群落组成和结构特征变化。结果表明,AG样地土壤有机质、全钾含量和pH与NG样地相比无显著性变化,土壤全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量显著降低;AC样地与NG样地相比土壤pH显著升高,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量显著降低。AG样地土壤细菌群落Chao1,Shannon和Pielou均匀度指数显著高于NG样地,AC样地酸杆菌门和变形菌门丰度显著升高。土壤理化性质是土壤细菌群落结构组成门、属相对丰度变化主要影响因子。综上所述,高寒草甸一年生燕麦人工草地长期利用应科学补充肥料,保持土壤肥力;草地撂荒需谨慎,应及时采取恢复措施避免草地发生退化。     

Production,chemical composition,and fatty acid profile of milk from buffaloes fed with cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) cake and murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) cake in the Eastern Amazon

The objective was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation using by-products of the Amazonian industry on milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile of dairy buffaloes. Twelve lactating buffaloes (544.5 ± 35.6 kg, 6.4 ± 2.2 years old, 59 ± 6 days in milk) were allotted in a pasture of Mombaça grass and managed under rotational grazing (4 days occupancy/28 days rest). A 3 × 3 Latin square was adopted, and each animal alternately received three supplementary treatments based on corn bran + soybean meal or cupuaçu cake or murumuru cake for 21 days per treatment. Murumuru cake increased the levels of lauric acid and myristic acid in the milk (p < 0.05). Murumuru cake reduced the unsaturated fatty acid contents in the milk compared with animals fed control diet or cupuaçu cake (24.27% vs. 25.24% vs. 25.08%). The n-6/n-3 ratio was 2.6, 1.97, and 2.0 in the control, cupuaçu, and murumuru groups, respectively. Based on this parameter, cakes made from cupuaçu as well as murumuru could be considered to be adequate for inclusion in dairy water buffalo feed. However, the murumuru cake addition requires some caution because its use induces the secretion of higher levels of lauric and myristic fatty acids that are related to human cardiovascular disease.     

Oral administration of L-citrulline changes the concentrations of plasma hormones and biochemical profile in heat-exposed broilers

We examined the effects of oral administration of L-citrulline (L-Cit) on plasma metabolic hormones and biochemical profile in broilers. Food intake, water intake, and body temperature were also analyzed. After dual oral administration (20 mmol/head/administration) of L-Cit, broilers were exposed to a high ambient temperature (HT; 30 ± 1°C) chamber for 120 min. Oral administration of L-Cit reduced (p < .001) rectal temperature in broilers. Food intake was increased (p < .05) by heat stress, but it was reduced (p < .05) by L-Cit. Plasma levels of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine, which initially increased (p < .0001) due to heat stress, were reduced (p < .01) by oral administration of L-Cit. Plasma insulin levels were increased by heat exposure (p < .01) and oral L-Cit (p < .05). Heat stress caused a decline (p < .05) in plasma thyroxine. Plasma lactic acid (p < .05) and non-esterified fatty acids (p < .01) were increased in L-Cit-treated heat-exposed broilers. In conclusion, our results suggest that oral L-Cit can modulate plasma concentrations of major metabolic hormones and reduces food intake in broilers.     

Investigations of the maintenance system of the Konik Polski horse and its effects on fecal microbiota activity during the winter and summer seasons

Gastrointestinal microbiota play a key role in the nutrients digestion and hence maintaining animal health and welfare. The diet offered to the animals in captivity may differ considerably from that on natural pastures. In a stabled maintenance system, horses have a limited choice of habitat and feed. Time spend for feeding is relevant for equine welfare because the reduction of the time devoted for foraging may be responsible for inducing gastric inflammation and ulceration. Therefore, in the present study, it was hypothesized that fecal bacterial fermentative processes differ between free-roaming and stabled Konik Polski Horses (KPHs) with respect to microbial enzymatic activity, and thus the fecal concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which can be further utilized for assessing the feeding behavior and welfare in free-roaming versus stabled horses. The SCFA concentration and profile, as well as the extracellular and intracellular activities of selected bacterial enzymes, were characterized in horse feces collected during the winter and summer feeding seasons. The results showed higher enzymatic activity and SCFA production in the feces excreted by free-roaming versus stabled horses, especially during summer. An increase in pasture plant diversity may be beneficial for the gastrointestinal microbiota and hence for maintaining health and welfare.