Amelioration of a highly degraded tropical alfisol by planting I. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties 1989-91

This paper examines soil amelioration by planting 15 leguminous and graminaceous plant species, including herbaceous annuals, perennials and biennials, and woody perennials and biennials. Disturbed and undisturbed natural regrowth were planted with leguminous species, in some cases with fertilizer applied at planting (400 kg ha⁻¹ of 15:15:15 NPK). The studies were made on two highly degraded sites in southwestern Nigeria which had been subjected to intensive mechanized cropping for a period of 10 years. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties were monitored from 1989 to 1991. Acacia difficilis, Brachiaria lata and Mucuna utilis had the lowest survival rates by the following growing season. Soil fertility and compaction levels differed between sites. Planting had no effect on the latter. The decreases in compaction (i.e. macroporosity) between 0.00 and 0.10 m depth at both sites one month before and five and 17 months after planting were 43, 59 and 61 per cent, respectively were attributed to exclusion of heavy machinery from the sites. Large decreases in fertility occurred at both sites and were attributed to a combination of nutrient extraction and to leaching. Between fallow species, exchangeable Ca, pH and the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) were greater and total acids lower for herbaceous cover compared with woody perennials, and was attributed to a higher Ca demand by the latter. Highest and lowest values of Ca, CEC and pH occurred in plots where plant material was returned to the soil (i.e. by cutting or die-back) and in cropped plots, respectively. Natural regrowth was as effective or better than planted species in improving soil physical and chemical properties. Therefore the use of exotic plant species for ameliorating highly degraded alfisols is unnecessary. Amelioration of highly degraded alfisols may be best effected by allowing natural regrowth to occur while excluding all mechanized traffic from the site.     

土壤日晒在绿色植保中的应用与展望

土壤消毒主要用于土壤病虫草害防控。过去几十年,土壤主要采用化学药品熏蒸消毒,不合理使用容易造成环境污染。土壤蒸汽消毒、火焰消毒和热水浇灌等需要专门的仪器设备,且存在能耗较高、灭生性强、容易破坏土壤结构等缺点。目前,土壤日晒技术受到意大利、美国、以色列等70多个国家农业科学家的广泛关注,但在中国依然处于初级阶段。本文总结了国内外学者关于土壤日晒对农业病虫草害、土壤肥力、农作物产量等方面的影响与应用,分析了土壤日晒存在的局限性,并对土壤日晒在未来农业绿色防控上的应用前景进行了展望,以期为农产品无公害生产提供理论依据和实践参考。     

西宁盆地4种草本和灌木植物降盐效应试验研究

以西宁盆地长岭沟流域自建试验区为研究区,筛选出适宜当地气候条件下生长的2种灌木植物柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)、霸王[Zygophyllum xanthoxylon(Bunge)Maxim.]和2种草本植物细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum cv.Slender)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa Linn.)作为试验供试种,在试验区对4种植物采用单一种植和组合种植方式,探讨2种种植条件下植物根系在边坡地表以下垂直方向土体中K^+、Ca^2+、Na^+、Mg^2+、SO4^2-、Cl^-、HCO3^-、CO3^2-等8种易溶盐离子含量及其变化特征,评价了区内2种草本和2种灌木植物降低边坡土体盐分的能力。结果表明:单一种植细茎冰草、紫花苜蓿、柠条锦鸡儿、霸王对边坡土体中SO4^2-、Ca^2+、Na^+具有显著降低作用,草本与灌木组合Ⅰ(柠条锦鸡儿+紫花苜蓿+细茎冰草组合)和草本与灌木组合Ⅱ(霸王+紫花苜蓿+细茎冰草组合)对边坡土体中SO4^2-、Ca^2+、Mg^2+、K^+、Na^+表现出显著降低作用;紫花苜蓿的降盐效果相对较为显著、其次为柠条锦鸡儿和细茎冰草,霸王的降盐效果不及前者显著;草本与灌木组合Ⅱ的降盐效果相对显著于草本与灌木组合Ⅰ。     

不同处理对蛭石栽培的微型薯疮痂病防控效果及其微生态效应分析

通过田间小区试验评价了6个不同处理对蛭石栽培的微型马铃薯疮痂病的防效,并采用16S核糖体基因高通量测序技术研究了蛭石中细菌群落结构的变化.试验结果显示,棉隆+青霉菌34107处理对疮痂病防效最好(93.43％),显著高于对照药剂中生菌素处理(65.10％);而且商品薯的数量和经济效益也最高,分别达到348.3万个/hm...     

杂交水稻抛秧栽培大田肥料科学运筹的研究

通过对杂交水稻抛秧栽培大田肥料运筹小区试验结果进行分析研究,找出符合该种栽培生育特点的肥料运筹方法:重施基肥,少施或不施蘖肥,稳施穗粒肥。增产效果较对照达极显著水平。     

西北旱区大豆玉米复合种植联合播种机的设计与试验

针对西北旱区大豆玉米复合种植机具短缺、机械化程度低等问题,设计西北旱区大豆玉米复合种植联合播种机。该机由旋耕装置、起垄装置、覆土装置、施肥装置、播种装置及机架等组成,能够实现旋耕、起垄、施肥、双幅覆膜覆土、镇压及播种等多个作业过程。对播种机关键部件进行设计与分析,利用离散元模型对覆土过程进行模拟仿真,分析覆土过程中膜边膜上覆土均匀性;采用DEM-MBD对大豆玉米播种装置耦合仿真,分析大豆玉米播种装置播种均匀性。仿真结果表明：1）土壤因跳跃和泼撒而落到垄面的颗粒数≤1.3%;2）播种装置对大豆和玉米种子挤压力≤10 N,土壤颗粒对鸭嘴的阻力≤50 N。田间试验结果表明：玉米播种装置播种合格率、漏播率和重播率分别为95.63%、1.65%和2.72%,大豆播种装置播种合格率、漏播率和重播率分别为91.24%、0%和8.76%,机组作业期间运行稳定,具有良好的作业效果,满足大豆玉米带状复合种植需求。     

黄泥田晚稻肥料效应的研究

肥料是作物增产的重要因素。在农田施肥实践中,氮、磷、钾肥最佳用量及合理配比因土壤不同而不同。为此,采用3个因子4、个不同施肥用量水平,展开了黄泥田氮磷钾肥料效应的试验,推荐了最佳施肥用量。     

氮肥种类及施氮水平对桂牧一号杂交象草体外发酵特性的影响

为更好地指导桂牧一号杂交象草的优质高产栽培,设7个处理,分别为:A1(施尿素,150 kg/hm2),A2(施尿素,300 kg/hm2),A3(施尿素,450 kg/hm2),B1(施碳铵,411.3 kg/hm2),B2(施碳铵,821.4 kg/hm2),B3(施碳铵,1 231.65 kg/hm2),CK(不施氮肥),用体外产气法测定了不同氮肥及施氮水平下桂牧一号杂交象草的产气量以及干物质和有机物的体外消失率.结果表明:各处理组牧草间产气动力学参数差异显著(P<0.05),理论最大产气量、产气速率常数、产气延滞时间和干物质体外消化率分别以处理B1,B1,A3和B1最高,而以处理A1,A1,B2和B3最低.相关性分析表明,理论最大产气量与产气速率呈显著正相关,干物质、有机物体外消失率与中性洗涤纤维含量呈显著正相关,干物质体外消化率与牧草中磷含量呈显著负相关,产气速率与延滞时间之间的相关不显著,其他各参数与营养成分之间的相关性较低.从桂牧一号杂交象草体外发酵的特性来看,施用碳铵要优于尿素,碳铵的施用量以411~821 kg/hm2较为适宜.     

Bottom soil quality in Tilapia ponds of different age in Thailand

Bottom soil samples were collected from 35 ponds in the vicinity of Samutprakarn, Thailand. Ponds ranged in age from 3 to 39 years and had been used continuously for production of tilapia. Liming materials had been applied in large amounts, and bottom soils of all ponds had pH above 7, low exchange acidity, and free carbonate. Pond soils often contained between 1% and 2% total sulphur, suggesting that they were potential acid–sulphate soils. However, acidity from sulphide oxidation was not expressed because carbonate in the soil neutralized it. Concentrations of total carbon seldom exceeded 4% and the average for organic carbon was 1.90%. The correlations between pond age and both total carbon and organic carbon concentration were weak (r=0.34 and 0.36 respectively). Concentrations of nitrogen in bottom soils did not differ with pond age and ranged from 0.1% to 0.3% with an average of 0.19%. The average ratio of concentrations of carbon and nitrogen was 11. Acid‐extractable phosphorus concentrations averaged 217 mg kg^?1, but the phosphorus adsorption capacity averaged 768 mg kg^?1 suggesting that soils still have considerable reserve capacity to adsorb phosphorus. Ponds can be used annually for semi‐intensive production of tilapia, and presumably other species, for many years without serious deterioration of bottom soil quality.