极端暴雨条件下黄土高原水平梯田损毁情况调查分析——以岔巴沟流域“7·26”特大暴雨为例

2017年7月25日20时至26日8时,陕西榆林市11个县区遭遇特大暴雨侵袭,我们于当年10月对位于暴雨中心的岔巴沟流域的梯田损毁情况进行了专项调查。首先通过室内Google Earth近实时影像结合GIS绘图在流域内确定梯田位置和数量,根据修建时间、利用和植被类型将这些梯田分类。在流域内空间分布均匀地选择不同类型典型梯田并进行野外实地测量,统计各类型梯田的损毁情况、损毁形式并估算各类型梯田的土壤侵蚀模数及其流域平均侵蚀模数。结果表明:岔巴沟流域梯田以≤ 4 hm²规模为主,梯田数量上占91.4%,面积上占了50.7%。暴雨造成梯田的损毁形式以田埂表层结皮脱落、田埂滑塌崩塌、田埂冲毁、田面陷穴穿洞为主,有人为干扰时会产生更加剧烈的后果。暴雨造成的梯田损毁侵蚀坑大部分为深度0~0.5 m的侵蚀。老梯田农地、老梯田乔木和老梯田草地侵蚀坑发生频率远远多于新机修梯田,保持在20~36处/100 m。新机修梯田的侵蚀测坑发生频次少,为5处/100 m,但深度可达4.8 m,后果严重。不同类型梯田损毁产生侵蚀模数差异较大,老梯田农地、老梯田草地和老梯田乔木的侵蚀模数为34 000~37 000 t/km²,新机修梯田为19 404.3 t/km²,老梯田灌木侵蚀模数最低,为5 958.4 t/km²。流域内梯田平均侵蚀模数为30 733.4 t/km²。通过本次调查,掌握不同类型梯田在极端暴雨条件下的损毁情况,为黄土高原梯田保护及修复提供数据支持。     

黑土农田冻结-融化期土壤剖面温度变化特征

[目的]研究东北黑土区农地土壤温度变化特征,为冻融作用程度量化分析和冻融作用对土壤侵蚀影响提供基础数据。[方法]利用2015—2018年黑龙江省宾州河流域典型农地2 m土壤剖面11月至翌年4月土壤温度观测资料以及气温数据,分析了冻结和融化过程中土壤温度变化特征以及土壤温度对气温变化的响应,确定土壤冻结与融化过程中耕层土壤冻融循环次数。[结果] 11月至翌年2月的冻结期,土壤温度随土层深度的增加而增加;3—4月份土壤温度梯度发生反向改变,当土壤完全消融后,土壤温度随着土层深度的增加而递减,土壤最大冻结深度为80 cm。研究结果还表明,0—60 cm土层的土壤温度均与气温呈极显著正相关,其相关性随土壤深度增加而减小;而80 cm以下土层,土壤温度均与气温呈负相关。[结论]研究区土壤冻结和融化过程分别呈单向冻结和双向融化现象,冻融循环主要发生在农地耕层0—20 cm土层,其年最大冻融循环次数分别为12次和7次,为设计黑土冻融循环模拟试验提供了数据支持。     

生物结皮土壤-水文-侵蚀效应研究进展

生物土壤结皮(简称生物结皮)是由隐花植物、微小生物和土壤表层颗粒胶结形成的一种特殊复合体,广泛分布于各类气候和生境条件。作为生态系统的重要组分,生物结皮在不同生物气候区土壤的生态过程、水文过程、生物过程、地球化学循环过程以及生态修复过程中发挥着重要作用。从生物结皮影响土壤物理、化学、生物学性质以及土壤水文与侵蚀过程等方面对其生态功能进行总结和概述,在此基础上,从研究区域和时空尺度、多过程耦合机制、生物结皮影响氮循环的过程及其对氮沉降的响应机制、生物结皮与维管植物空间分布及互动关系等方面,展望了该领域有待深化的问题及今后的发展方向,以期促进我国生物结皮相关研究工作,加深对生物结皮生态功能及地表过程的认识。     

砒砂岩区不同退耕还林措施土壤颗粒及交换性能分布特征

为研究砒砂岩区退耕还林还草措施下林地和草地的土壤结构及土壤交换性能对其措施的响应,选取柠条林、油松林、小叶杨林和本氏针茅草地为研究对象,并以荞麦坡耕地为对照,通过野外取样与室内试验相结合的方式,采用分形理论探究土壤粒径分布(PSD)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和交换性盐基总量(ECEC)及其组成(Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+))的分布特征,并分析其相关性关系。结果表明:(1)实施退耕还林措施后,草地和林地的PSD分布范围、非均一性、离散程度均高于坡耕地,且柠条林的土壤粉粒含量、PSD分布范围的增幅效果最显著(P0.05);土壤剖面垂直层次上,草地有利于增加表层土壤的细粒组分和粒径的分布范围,而林地更有利于对深层土壤粒径的改良与细化;(2)研究区交换性盐基组成主要以碱土金属为主(Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)),不同措施的土壤ECEC和CEC值由大到小依次为柠条林油松林小叶杨林草地坡耕地。草地表层土壤交换性能优于底层土壤,而林地与之相反;(3)黏、粉粒和细砂是决定研究区土壤交换性能的细粒土壤和粗粒土壤,粉粒是CEC、ECEC的主要贡献因子,多重分形维数可较好地描述土壤交换性能与土壤颗粒间的关系。不同措施以柠条林对土壤颗粒组成和土壤交换性能的改良效果最优。     

Integrated Management of Organic Manures and Chemical Fertilizers for Enhancing Paddy Yield and the Nutrient Content of Rice Cultivars

The integrated nutrient management with organic manure and chemical fertilizers can improve rice (Oryza sativa L.) production, soil health, and fertility. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of organic manures and chemical fertilizers on the yield and nutrient content of wetland rice under field conditions. It was conducted in northern Iran in two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016 as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. Two local rice cultivars, Tarom Hashemi and Tarom Mahalli, were chosen as the first factor; mineral fertilizers in four levels: 100% recommended nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK), 75% recommended nitrogen with 100% phosphorus-potassium (PK), 75% recommended phosphorus with 100% nitrogen-potassium (NK), and 75% recommended potassium with 100% nitrogen-phosphorus (NP), were selected based on soil analysis and were arranged as the second factor; and three levels of organic manures, namely zero and eight tons of vermicompost per hectare, and 10 tons of rotted manure per hectare was the third factor. Results revealed that the highest paddy yield occurs with vermicompost and manure consumption for both cultivars. Moreover, the highest paddy yield (3962 kg ha^?1) occurs with 100% recommended NPK and vermicompost consumption. For both cultivars, the most chlorophyll a and chlorophyll ab content was produced with application of 100% recommended NPK. The most grain nitrogen content, grain nitrogen uptake, protein content, and protein yield were observed with 100% recommended NPK applied with 10 tons of rotted manure and eight tons of vermicompost usage per hectare. Therefore, in view of the ever-increasing use of chemical fertilizers and irreversible damage thereby, the additional use of these compounds can benefit the environment and human health. The global attention to sustainable agricultural concepts and organic manure can, in addition to producing reasonable yields, be considered as an appropriate alternative to chemical fertilizers.     

The effects of straw return on potassium fertilization rate and time in the rice–wheat rotation

In order to investigate the effects of straw return on potassium (K) fertilizer application rate and time in the rice–wheat rotation, field experiments were conducted at three sites. The results showed that when the K rate was decreased to 70% of the recommended K dosage, crop yields showed no significant decrease. With K fertilization only at rice phase, crop yields showed no marked difference compared with that provided K fertilizer both at wheat and rice seasons. Though the NH₄OAc-extracted K and HNO₃-extracted K differed slightly among the treatments, the soil apparent K balance was negative without K fertilization. With crop straw fully incorporated, the recommended K dosage could be at least reduced by 30% at the experimental sites and the K fertilizer could be applied only at rice phase. A further hypothesis can be made that the best K rate was the amount of K took away by crop grain. In the long run, straw return combined with K fertilization would be an effective method to maintain soil K fertility and productivity.     

Soil nitrogen balance and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat affected by straw management and nitrogen application in the Yangtze river basin of China

Straw incorporation is a useful management practice in sustainable agricultural systems to improve soil fertility and to reduce air pollution from straw burning. A three-year field experiment was conducted under two rice straw managements and four nitrogen (N) application rates in Rugao, China during 2010–2013, to examine whether straw management practices integrated with fertilizer N applications affect crop yield, N balance and N use efficiency in the wheat season of rice-wheat cropping systems. The results showed that straw incorporation had positive effects on plant N uptake and grain yield. This may be attributed to the greater soil water content and lower amount of seasonal rainfall. However, straw incorporation resulted in lower soil inorganic N and more N surplus at the early growth stage. Grain yield had a significant relation with wheat N uptake from sowing to jointing and from jointing to anthesis with straw incorporation. Therefore, our results suggest that in adjusting the ratio of basal and topdressing N fertilizer, it is important for the supply of optimum N to the crop and to maintain grain production with straw incorporation.     

Strip-till as a means of decreasing spatial variability of winter barley within a field scale

The tillage system, which joins soil tillage, fertilisation, and seed sowing in one pass of a machine, is rarely used in cereal cultivation. This research aimed to study whether strip-till and conventional tillage (post-harvest ripping and mixing of stubble, ploughing, pre-sowing fertilisation, and seedbed preparation) differ in plant density, yield components, and grain yield of winter barley cultivated on Cambisol in a region with low rainfall, the annual average is about 500?mm. To reach this aim, a two-year, large-plot experiment was conducted in a production field. The soil within the field was spatially variable in texture, moisture, and chemical and biological properties, CV 2.3% do 29.6%. Strip-till had lower within-field spatial variability of winter barley grain yield than conventional tillage. The standard deviation was 0.36?t?ha^?1, 0.67?t?ha^?1 in the first year and 0.12?t?ha^?1, 0.30?t?ha^?1 in the second year, respectively. During the period of limited rainfall, strip-till had greater uniformity of plants after emergence; after the winter with low air temperature and a low amount of snow, it had greater plant density. Thus, strip-till can reduce variability of plants and their yield within a field, especially in adverse environmental conditions.     

紫色土和黄壤草本根土复合体抗剪性能试验研究

以重庆常见的紫色土和黄壤草本根土复合体为试验对象,研究含水率和含根量对土壤抗剪强度的影响,结果表明:①在试验含根量范围内,根系提高了土样抗剪强度,黏聚力和内摩擦角随含根量的增加而增大,但存在最优含根量区域,黄壤最优含根量为1%,紫色土最优含根量为0.6%;②在试验含水率范围内,黏聚力和内摩擦角受含水率影响显著(P<0.05),且随含水率的增加表现为先增加后减少,存在最优含水率,黄壤最优含水率为20%,紫色土最优含水率为25%;③在试验含水率范围内,含根量对紫色土黏聚力和内摩擦角的影响比黄壤大。     

设施土壤有机氮组分及番茄产量对水氮调控的响应

【目的】酸解铵态氮和酸解氨基酸氮是土壤有机氮的主要组分,可表征土壤的供氮能力,并在氮素矿化、固定、迁移以及为植物生长供氮过程中起到至关重要的作用。研究水、氮调控下设施土壤有机氮组分和番茄产量的相互关系,为评价设施土壤肥力变化和制定科学合理的水、氮管理措施提供科学依据。【方法】田间定位试验在沈阳农业大学的温室内进行了5年,供试作物为番茄,栽培垄上覆盖薄膜,打孔移栽番茄幼苗,膜下滴灌。定位试验三个氮肥处理为施N75、300、525kg/hm^2,记为N1、N2和N3;三个灌水量为25、35和45kPa灌水下限(灌水始点土壤水吸力),记为W1、W2和W3,共9个肥水处理组合。在试验第五年番茄生长期(2016年4—8月)调查了番茄产量及其构成,在休闲期(2016年9月)测定0—10、10—20和20—30cm土层土壤有机氮组分、有机碳和全氮含量。【结果】9个处理中,土壤全氮、有机碳和除酸解氨基糖氮外的有机氮组分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,且0—10、10—20和20—30cm土层间含量差异显著(P<0.05)。三个土层中酸解总氮占土壤全氮的66.0%、64.6%和55.2%,是土壤有机氮的主要存在形态。土壤酸解总氮中各组分含量及其所占比例的大小顺序为酸解氨基酸氮、酸解铵态氮>酸解未知态氮>酸解氨基糖氮。灌水下限和施氮量对番茄产量及单果重的影响均达极显著水平(P<0.01),水氮交互效应也达显著水平(P<0.05)。休闲期土壤酸解铵态氮与番茄产量间显著负相关(P<0.05)。番茄产量W1N2(25kPa+N300kg/hm^2)、W2N1(35kPa+N75kg/hm^2)和W1N1(25kPa+75kg/hm^2)处理间差异不显著。【结论】灌水和施氮量及其交互效应对各土层土壤全氮、酸解总氮、酸解铵态氮和酸解氨基酸氮的影响均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),而对土壤有机碳的影响不显著(P>0.05)。相同施氮量下,0—30cm土层酸解铵态氮和0—20cm土层酸解氨基酸氮含量均在土壤水吸力维持在35~6kPa范围内达最高值,此土壤水分含量下的0—20cm土层酸解氨基酸氮含量在施N75kg/hm^2时达到最大值。从节水减氮和番茄产量的角度考虑,控制土壤水吸力不低于35kPa、每季随水施N75kg/hm^2为供试番茄生产条件下最佳的水、氮组合量。