秸秆覆盖还田对土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响

通过田间定位试验和土壤理化性质的测定,探讨了秸秆覆盖对川中丘陵区土壤的改良效果及对作物产量的影响。研究结果表明,与对照CK1相比,秸秆覆盖可使土壤总孔隙度增加2.88%~5.76%,土壤容重降低1.86%~3.73%,并且各生育期覆盖处理的土壤含水量均比对照高,并且秸秆覆盖还田对促进土壤团粒结构形成具有较大作用,改善了土壤通透性和保水保肥性;同时秸秆覆盖还田使土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾得到明显提高,从而培肥地力。试验表明随秸秆覆盖量的增加,作物增产效果越明显。     

复配剂中霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中残留动态研究

采用田间试验方法,研究了霜脲氰在马铃薯及土壤中的残留动态,应用液相色谱法测定了霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中的残留量。结果表明,霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中消解较快,半衰期分别为2．26d和5．75d,施药3240g ai·hm^-23次时,末次施药距收获间隔28d,霜脲氰的残留量在马铃薯中低于0．0098mg·kg^-1,在土壤中为ND-0．0100mg·kg^-1。该药属易分解农药（％〈30d）,按推荐使用剂量使用是安全的。     

不同施肥措施下菜地CO_2排放通量的变化特征

采用碱溶液吸收法对福州市郊菜地土壤CO2排放特征及其与土温之间的关系进行研究。结果表明,蔬菜生长期的土壤CO2排放通量在苗期和发育前期,它的日变化表现为黑夜白天;发育后期则为白天黑夜,且随时间的推移而呈现递减规律。此外,土壤CO2排放通量在苗期较大,不施肥(CK)、化肥(全部基施)、化肥(1/2基施+1/2追施)、化肥+长效肥力素(全部基施)、化肥+长效肥力素(1/2基施+1/2追施)、1/2有机肥+1/2化肥+长效肥力素(全部基施)、1/2有机肥(基施)+1/2化肥(氮钾肥追施+磷肥基施)+长效肥力素(追施)处理分别为2 379.08、2 482.93、2 129.94、1 299.02、1 890.04、2 293.61、3 029.99mg·m-2·d-1,而发育后期土壤CO2释放量相对较小。而且化肥+长效肥力素(全部基施)处理的菜地土壤CO2排放通量小,仅为209.96mg·m-2·d-1,而1/2有机肥(基施)+1/2化肥(氮钾肥追施+磷肥基施)+长效肥力素(追施)处理则较大,达到了3 029.99mg·d-1·m-2,表明化肥+长效肥力素(全部基施)培肥处理适宜在福州市郊菜地进行推广。指数回归分析可知,土壤15cm处的土层温度是影响菜地CO2释放的主要因素之一,且随温度的增加而升高。     

福建省耕地土壤pH空间分布及影响因素分析

为研究福建省耕地土壤酸化防控、耕地质量和产能提升的科学途径,以福建省耕地土壤为研究对象,采用地统计学与ArcGIS并结合随机森林模型,对福建省4 261个耕地表层土壤调查样点数据进行分析,探究福建省耕地土壤pH空间分布特征及主要驱动因子。结果表明,福建省耕地土壤pH自东南沿海至内陆山地地区呈逐渐降低趋势：全省耕地土壤pH为3.00～9.62,平均值为5.35,变异系数为14.95%,69.3%的耕地土壤pH小于5.5;南平市（5.09）、三明市（5.16）、龙岩市（5.21）、宁德市（5.22）及漳州市（5.42）70%以上的耕地土壤pH<5.5;而厦门市（5.58）、泉州市（5.90）、福州市（5.62）及莆田市（5.96）50%以上耕地土壤pH>5.5。海拔、降雨量、土壤有机质、土壤质地、土壤类型和作物类型显著影响土壤pH,土壤pH与海拔、降雨量和有机质呈显著负相关关系。砂土土壤pH为5.38,显著高于壤土（5.20）和粘土（5.14）;滨海盐土土壤pH为6.36,显著高于潮土、水稻土、砖红壤、紫色土、黄壤和红壤;黄壤和红壤土壤pH显著低于潮土和水稻土,潮土和水稻土土壤...     

近十年来核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用进展

随着核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中应用的深入,土壤侵蚀研究进入了一个快速发展阶段。本文阐述了近十年来137Cs2、10Pbex7、Be、复合示踪及REE-INAA示踪等几种主要核素示踪技术在土壤侵蚀速率、泥沙沉积速率、泥沙来源和坡面侵蚀过程等研究中的应用新进展,并对今后的研究方向和发展趋势进行了分析。     

基于ArcGIS的商洛市耕地植烟适宜性评价

针对陕西省商洛市的6个主要烟草产区,以其土壤图、土地利用现状图和行政区划图叠加分析形成的图斑为评价单元,选取立地条件、土壤性质、土壤养分及p H值、土壤管理4个方面共13个指标构建了商洛市耕地植烟适宜性评价指标体系,采用层次分析法和模糊数学原理开展耕地植烟适宜性的定量评价和分级,以期为优化烟草布局和种植区域划分提供理论参考。结果表明,高度适宜烟草种植区占植烟耕地面积的32.61%,主要分布在石门基地单元南部、灵口基地单元中西部、永丰基地单元西部及中东部等地区;适宜烟草种植区是研究区的主体,占55.00%,云镇基地单元分布最多、所占比例最大,米粮基地单元的中部、北部及永丰基地单元东部分布范围也较大;勉强适宜烟草种植区占11.09%,主要分布在景村镇中部和南部、石门镇北部和中部、腰市镇中部等地区;不适宜烟草种植区仅占1.30%,主要分布在景村镇北部和腰市镇北部。     

Effect of tree species on carbon stocks in forest floor and mineral soil and implications for soil carbon inventories

Forest soil organic carbon (SOC) and forest floor carbon (FFC) stocks are highly variable. The sampling effort required to assess SOC and FFC stocks is therefore large, resulting in limited sampling and poor estimates of the size, spatial distribution, and changes in SOC and FFC stocks in many countries. Forest SOC and FFC stocks are influenced by tree species. Therefore, quantification of the effect of tree species on carbon stocks combined with spatial information on tree species distribution could improve insight into the spatial distribution of forest carbon stocks.We present a study on the effect of tree species on FFC and SOC stock for a forest in the Netherlands and evaluate how this information could be used for inventory improvement. We assessed FFC and SOC stocks in stands of beech (Fagus sylvatica), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), oak (Quercus robur) and larch (Larix kaempferi).FFC and SOC stocks differed between a number of species. FFC stocks varied between 11.1 Mg C ha⁻¹ (beech) and 29.6 Mg C ha⁻¹ (larch). SOC stocks varied between 53.3 Mg C ha⁻¹ (beech) and 97.1 Mg C ha⁻¹ (larch). At managed locations, carbon stocks were lower than at unmanaged locations. The Dutch carbon inventory currently overestimates FFC stocks. Differences in carbon stocks between conifer and broadleaf forests were significant enough to consider them relevant for the Dutch system for carbon inventory.     

Changes in forest cover and carbon stocks of the coastal scarp forests of the Wild Coast,South Africa

Land-use intensification and declines in vegetative cover are considered pervasive threats to forests and biodiversity globally. The small extent and high biodiversity of indigenous forests in South Africa make them particularly important. Yet, relatively little is known about their rates of use and change. From analysis of past aerial photos we quantified rates of forest cover change in the Matiwane forests of the Wild Coast, South Africa, between 1942 and 2007, as well as quantified above and belowground (to 0.5?m depth) carbon stocks based on a composite allometric equation derived for the area. Rates of forest conversion were spatially variable, with some areas showing no change and others more noticeable changes. Overall, the net reduction was 5.2% (0.08% p.a.) over the 65-year period. However, the rate of reduction has accelerated with time. Some of the reduction was balanced by natural reforestation into formerly cleared areas, but basal area, biomass and carbon stocks are still low in the reforested areas. The total carbon stock was highest in intact forests (311.7 ± 23.7 Mg C ha^?1), followed by degraded forests (73.5 ± 12.3 Mg C ha^?1) and least in regrowth forests (51.2 ± 6.2 Mg C ha^?1). The greatest contribution to total carbon stocks was soil carbon, contributing 54% in intact forests, and 78% and 68% in degraded and regrowth forests, respectively. The Matiwane forests store 4.78 Tg C, with 4.7 Tg C in intact forests, 0.06 Tg C in degraded forests and 0.02 Tg C in regrowth forests. The decrease in carbon stocks within the forests as a result of the conversion of the forest area to agricultural fields was 0.19 Tg C and approximately 0.0003 Tg C was released through harvesting of firewood and building timber.     

HS-73实用新型振动筛式花生收获机

针对现有花生收获机的技术缺点和山东省莱西市花生种植土壤的特性,研制了一种振动筛式花生收获机,阐述了机具的设计依据、方案选择和主要技术创新点,介绍了机具的结构和作业方式,通过实验,获得了机具的主要作业指标。     

土壤基质势调控对温室滴灌番茄土壤水分分布和产量的影响

【目的】指导设施蔬菜生产中科学合理地利用滴灌技术进行灌溉。【方法】采用小区试验的方法,以冬春茬番茄为研究对象,布置了7个不同土壤基质势阈值的试验,在番茄开花坐果期和结果期分别控制滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势在-15和-15 kPa(S1)、-15和-30 kPa(S2)、-15和-45 kPa(S3)、-25和-25 kPa(S4)、-30和-15 kPa(S5)、-30和-30 kPa(S6)以及-30和-45 kPa(S7),研究了日光温室滴灌土壤基质势调控下土壤水分随时间变化及空间分布的规律,以及番茄产量、畸形果率和灌溉水利用效率等。【结果】①控制滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势可以明显影响0～100 cm深度土壤水分状况。②在番茄开花坐果期,当土壤基质势阈值控制在-30 kPa或更高时,番茄根系主要吸收利用0～60 cm深度以上范围的土壤水分,70 cm深度以下土壤水分基本不变,0～60 cm深度土壤体积含水率平均为28.6%,为田间持水率的84%,60～100 cm土壤体积含水率平均为36.2%,为田间持水率的90%。③番茄进入结果期后,当土壤基质势阈值控制在-25～-15 kPa时,整个土体土壤含水率基本保持在田间持水率的77%～91%,根系主要吸收利用0～60 cm深度以上范围的土壤水分,70 cm深度以下土壤水分消耗缓慢;当土壤基质势阈值降低到-45～-30 kPa时,根系吸收利用到80～100 cm深度的土壤水分,整个土体土壤含水率不断降低,降低到田间持水率的60%～66%。④不同处理番茄产量、畸形果率和灌溉水利用效率有明显差异,其中S3和S7处理番茄产量高,S5处理产量低;S1、S3和S4处理的畸形果率大,S6和S7处理的畸形果率低;S1处理的灌溉水利用效率最低,S7处理的灌溉水利用效率最高。【结论】日光温室少量高频滴灌条件下,当滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势阈值开花坐果期控制在-30 kPa、结果期控制在-45 kPa时,整个土体土壤水分状况基本良好,番茄的产量高,畸形果率低,灌溉水利用效率高。