Bottom soil quality in Tilapia ponds of different age in Thailand

Bottom soil samples were collected from 35 ponds in the vicinity of Samutprakarn, Thailand. Ponds ranged in age from 3 to 39 years and had been used continuously for production of tilapia. Liming materials had been applied in large amounts, and bottom soils of all ponds had pH above 7, low exchange acidity, and free carbonate. Pond soils often contained between 1% and 2% total sulphur, suggesting that they were potential acid–sulphate soils. However, acidity from sulphide oxidation was not expressed because carbonate in the soil neutralized it. Concentrations of total carbon seldom exceeded 4% and the average for organic carbon was 1.90%. The correlations between pond age and both total carbon and organic carbon concentration were weak (r=0.34 and 0.36 respectively). Concentrations of nitrogen in bottom soils did not differ with pond age and ranged from 0.1% to 0.3% with an average of 0.19%. The average ratio of concentrations of carbon and nitrogen was 11. Acid‐extractable phosphorus concentrations averaged 217 mg kg^?1, but the phosphorus adsorption capacity averaged 768 mg kg^?1 suggesting that soils still have considerable reserve capacity to adsorb phosphorus. Ponds can be used annually for semi‐intensive production of tilapia, and presumably other species, for many years without serious deterioration of bottom soil quality.     

底质类型与正反扦插对轮叶黑藻生长生理的影响

底质是沉水植物扎根生长并稳定繁衍的基本条件,不同类型底质物化特性存在差异。为了探究沉水植物大规模引植过程中产生形态学顶端颠倒现象对其恢复生长的影响,通过室内水族缸模拟实验和杭州西湖茅家埠湖区原位盆栽实验,研究不同类型底质(湖泥、湖泥+沙子、沙子、黄土)和正反向扦插对轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)生长形态及生理指标的影响。结果显示,不同底质类型对黑藻生物量积累、分蘖数等形态指标影响显著(P<0.05),湖泥中黑藻生长最佳,其增加生物量(6.27 g)、分蘖数(19.8枝)在4种底质中最大;其次为黄土(5.14 g和18.8枝),其能促进植株和根系伸长;叶绿素、蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性及丙二醛测定结果进一步印证以上结果。各种底质中,反向扦插处理的黑藻分蘖数和根数较正向扦插均有显著减少,尤其是黄土底质中,反向比正向扦插分别减少10.2枝和22.8根,生物量降低2.961 g,但不影响最终形态学上端的形成。西湖茅家埠原位实验表明,在含水率和营养较低的底质中,盆栽黑藻长势相对优于含水率和营养较高底质中的黑藻,且同一底质盆栽于原位时比异位时更有利于生物量积累。建议恢复沉水植被时可以适当改良底质,尤其是物理特性,种植时需区分植物形态学的上下端。研究结果可为不同类型底质的浅水湖泊沉水植物群落恢复提供参考。     

Effects of dietary lipids on body composition and liver function in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of dietary lipids on body composition and liver function in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein from solvent-extracted menhaden fish meal and 0, 7, 14 or 21% lipid from menhaden fish oil. The basal diet, without supplemental fish oil, contained lipid at 0.4% of dry weight. The diets were fed to groups of 25 juvenile red drum initially averaging 7.3 ± 0.18 g fish^–1 in a recirculating culture system for 8 weeks and weight gain was recorded. After an additional 8 weeks, 16 fish from each treatment were sacrificed and the following measurements were recorded: hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio, and liver -tocopherol, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, and cytochrome P-4501A activity (measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity). The activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and concentrations of -tocopherol also were measured in plasma.Weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) affected by dietary lipid concentration, with values ranging from 361% of initial weight for fish fed the basal diet to 527% of initial weight for fish fed the diet containing 7% lipid. The HSI and IPF ratio values also were significantly affected by lipid with the lowest values recorded for fish fed the basal diet and the highest values observed in fish fed the diet containing 21% lipid. Increasing dietary lipid significantly increased oxidative stress as reflected in reduced -tocopherol in liver and plasma and increased MDA formation in the liver, although no overt pathological signs were observed. These findings suggest that lipid concentrations between 7 and 14%, when the diet contains 60 IU vitamin E kg^–1, are likely to limit oxidative stress and result in normal physiological responses of red drum.     

Effect of carbon/nitrogen ratio manipulation in feed supplements on Artemia production and water quality in solar salt ponds in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

The effect of carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio manipulation in feed supplements on Artemia production and water quality was investigated in solar salt ponds in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. It was assumed that development of bacterial bioflocs through C/N manipulation would improve Artemia production and water quality as demonstrated in freshwater and marine aquaculture. Twelve ponds were used for three treatments and the control, in triplicates. Green water (GW) was supplied to all ponds, with the standard Vietnamese procedure of supplying GW and chicken manure (CM) as the control (C/N 1.8). Treatment ponds were supplemented with tapioca (TAP) as carbon source, combined with either CM, pig manure (PM) or rice bran (RB), with C/N ratios of 7.4, 10.5 or 20.1 respectively. After 6 weeks of culture, no single treatment supported both improved water quality and enhanced Artemia production. Overall, improved water quality was observed at C/N 20.1 and higher Artemia production at C/N 7.4. Although external field factors could have interfered with the set‐up, this is the first study on the effect of C/N manipulation in feed supplements in Artemia pond production systems and provides the basis for development of bacterial bioflocs as a technology to improve water quality and Artemia production.     

中国对虾体内维生素C的含量及其变化

维生素C又名抗坏血酸,它是对虾生长、代谢及维持正常生理功能所必需的有机化合物。对维生素C的需求量则因对虾的个体大小、生长率、成熟度和环境因子的不同而异。缺乏维生素C不仅影响对虾蜕皮和伤口愈合,而且还会导致患病或降低抗御不良环境的能力。到目前为止,我国养殖对虾配合饵料中所添加的维生素C数量多参照国外虾类的标准,尚无切合中国对虾特点的添加标准,这对我国的     

淡水养殖环境中氨氧化微生物的研究进展

随着水产养殖业的快速发展,养殖水体氮素污染日益突出,硝化微生物在水产养殖环境氮循环中具有重要作用。本文主要综述我国淡水养殖环境中硝化微生物的多样性、作用机理、厌氧氨氧化过程和机理等研究进展,并展望今后的研究工作:(1)淡水养殖水域硝化作用和氨氧化微生物的时空分布特征及影响因子;(2)淡水养殖环境氨氧化微生物及其他氮素转化关键微生物的过程与机理;(3)深入研究特定生态系统中如池塘生态系统、氮循环的各个过程,构建相关氮素转化和氮素平衡模型,为完善淡水池塘生态系统氮循环理论、水产养殖环境的氮素污染治理和生态修复提供参考。     

日本沼虾饲料最适蛋白质、脂肪含量及能量蛋白比的研究

本文研究了日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)饲料的最适蛋白质含量、脂肪含量及能量蛋白比。试验用饲料由酪蛋白、糊精、混合油、复合维生素和无机盐混合物等组成。本试验用的日本沼虾体重为 1.77±0.23克,试验期间水温为 21—25℃。用增重率、饲料系数和肝胰脏α-淀粉酶活力等作为评价指标。试验结果表明:日本沼虾配合饲料适宜蛋白质含量为 36.8—42.27％,适宜脂肪含量为6—12％。当配合饲料的蛋内质含量在适宜范围内,饲料能量蛋白比(C/P)为8千卡/克蛋白左右,每公斤配合饲料的总能量为3006—3561千卡是最为适宜的。当饲料总能量在一定范围内,随着饲料碳水化合物含量的增加,肝胰脏α-淀粉酶活力增强。     

Nutrient digestibility studies in Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) and C. gariepinus (Burchell)

The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC %) for protein in catfishes, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) (16–18 cm; 45–50 g), C. gariepinus (Burchell) (21–22 cm; 60–65 g) and Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) (10–12 cm; 10–15 g) was estimated for nine feedstuffs of plant and animal origin. Fat digestibility was tested for C. batrachus and C. gariepinus, wherein the influence of feeding frequency on protein digestibility was also examined. The digestibility trials were conducted with triplicate groups of 25 fish each in 70‐L polyvinyl indoor flow‐through (1–1.5 L min^?1) circular tanks (water volume=55 L). Fish were fed to satiation daily, at 08:00 and 18:00 hours, and faecal matter was collected through slow siphoning. For studying the effect of feeding frequency, fish were fed the experimental diets at 08:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 17:00 hours. The protein digestibility of the feedstuffs varied significantly within each test species. However, the protein digestibility values for most of the ingredients tested were comparable between the three catfish species. The most efficient utilization of protein in these fishes was noted for soybean meal followed by lab‐prepared fishmeal. The lowest protein digestibility was recorded for rice bran. Similarly, the utilization of fat from the feedstuffs was also significantly different within each of the two species, C. batrachus and C. gariepinus. Fat digestibility of feed ingredients was similar between the two species. With respect to the fat, soybean meal, lab‐prepared fishmeal, full‐fat soybean meal and dried fish were more efficiently utilized, while the lowest fat digestibility was obtained for rice bran. A marked decline in protein utilization was observed in the two species where the feeding frequency was increased from two to four times a day.     

饲料Vc对大菱鲆非特异性免疫力的影响

X用维生素C（Vc）含量为0～2500mg／kg的配合饲料连续投喂大菱鲆70d后，测定大菱鲆血液白细胞的总数、吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活性和总补体活性。结果表明，饲料中Vc含量增加到250mg／kg，白细胞总数明显增加，进一步提高Vc含量，白细胞总数没有显著变化；血清溶菌酶活性在Vc含量为250mg／kg时最高，其他各组无显著性差异；添加Vc的各试验组的总补体活性明显地高于对照组，但是添加Vc的各组之间的总补体活性没有显著性差别；Vc含量对白细胞的吞噬活性没有影响。     

饲料糖脂比对吉富罗非鱼生长、血液指标和肝脏糖代谢关键酶活性及基因表达的影响

为探讨糖脂比对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、血液生化指标和肝脏糖代谢关键酶的影响,本实验设计了5种不同糖脂比(1.5、2.3、3.9、7.0、16.5)的等氮等能饲料,以吉富罗非鱼幼鱼为实验对象,进行了为期8周的饲养实验。结果显示,随饲料中糖脂比升高,吉富罗非鱼特定生长率(SGR)、增重率(WGR)和蛋白质效率(PER)先升高后降低,糖脂比为3.9和7.0时,WGR、SGR和PER最高。饵料系数(FCR)的变化趋势与此相反,在糖脂比为3.9和7.0组显著低于其他组。随着饲料糖脂比的增加,吉富罗非鱼全鱼粗脂肪含量逐渐下降,在糖脂比为16.5时达到最低水平,但仅与1.5组存在显著差异。血浆甘油三酯在糖脂比最高组也出现显著降低,血浆胆固醇同样在糖脂比最高组显著低于3.9组。然而血糖的变化趋势相反,当糖脂比为16.5时显著高于其他组。随着糖脂比的升高,吉富罗非鱼幼鱼肝脏中丙酮酸激酶(PK)的活性及mRNA表达量逐渐升高,而磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)的活性及mRNA表达水平则逐渐下降。根据二次回归模型得出,在等氮等能的饲料条件下,吉富罗非鱼幼鱼最适宜的糖水平和脂肪水平分别为49.69%和9.53%,其对应的糖脂比为8.4。