Plant residues do not have an immediate impact on soil bacterial community composition and abundance

Plant residues are often used as soil amendments in laboratory experiments, but they can reportedly release compounds interfering with soil DNA extraction and subsequent molecular biological analyses. Theoretically, for accurate comparison of microbial community composition in soils with and without added plant residues after a period of incubation, no significant difference at the beginning of the experiment is required between the amended and unamended control soils. We mixed plant residue into soil and immediately (within 10 min) commenced DNA extraction, and then performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR) to determine bacterial community composition and abundance. Soil without plant residue addition served as a control. Five commonly used DNA extraction kits, 16S rRNA gene primer pairs, and soils, and two types (rice straw and alfalfa shoots) and three addition rates (2%, 4%, and 6%; w/w) of plant residue, were tested. In all cases, we found no significant difference in measured bacterial community composition or abundance between the treatments with and without added plant residue.     

湘南红壤区牧草生产的气候模型

利用湖南省祁阳县的长期气象数据,结合不同牧草的生长特性,建立了一个反映当地牧草生长状况的气候模拟模型,并据此气候模型评价了当地气候条件对牧草生产的影响,鉴定了牧草周年生长的限制性因子。根据气候模型预测出温带牧草的最佳播种时期在１０月中旬至１１月下旬,热带牧草最好在３月下旬至４月中旬播种。牧草生长气候模型还可用于指导牧草品种筛选及牧草生产管理。     

Behaviour of nutrients released from crystalline minerals of artificial potassium silicate fertilizer and their supply to the Japanese mustard spinach (Brassica rapa var. perviridis)

Artificial potassium silicate fertilizer (PSF) is a typical slow-release potassium fertilizer. However, the exact minerals that are released by PSF and the nutrients that are made available to plants remain unclear. This study quantitatively investigated the behaviour of nutrients released from PSF by the batch-release test and their supply to plants by the plant growth tests, respectively, to determine the quantitative relationship between nutrients released from PSF and taken up by the plant. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that kalsilite, åkermanite, and potassium–magnesium silicate were the most abundant crystalline minerals in PSF. The XRD peaks of åkermanite and potassium–magnesium silicate were absent after citric acid extraction at a liquid/solid ratio of 20 to 100 (CA20 and CA100). Magnesium-use efficiencies in PSF (11%) and residue treatments after ammonium acetate extraction (AC, 10%) were higher than those in residue treatments after CA20 (1.8%) and CA100 (6.0%). Potassium (%) released by AC in the batch-release test (4.5%) was compatible with the difference of potassium-use efficiencies between the treatments of PSF (21%) and the AC-residue (16%). Likewise, potassium (%) released by CA20 (8.8%) was lower than the difference of potassium-use efficiencies between the treatments of PSF (21%) and CA20-residue (7.9%). This study suggests that potassium is rapidly released from potassium–magnesium silicate in PSF and is readily available to plants.     

MJS水泥土的试桩成桩效果分析

以南京地铁7号线中胜站全断面承压含水砂层MJS加固下穿既有运营10号线车站工程为背景,基于试桩芯样对MJS水泥土试桩成桩效果进行研究,研究不同桩型、不同水泥掺入比、不同地层下各部位MJS水泥土试桩的成桩效果(加固范围、成桩质量、抗压强度、弹性模量、水泥含量),并与室内MJS水泥土强度数据比较.结果表明:全圆桩整体成桩效...     

无糖奶啤的研制

奶啤是以鲜牛乳、麦芽、酒花为主要原料,利用二次生物发酵技术酿制的一种高附加值,低醇的高级乳制饮品。目前国内奶啤蔗糖含量高,市场上还没有无糖奶啤的产品,为了丰富奶啤的种类,本试验用木糖醇作为蔗糖替代品,研制出一款无糖的特色奶啤。在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面优化无糖奶啤的配方及工艺。结果表明,小麦料液比为1∶5（kg/L）,将麦芽料液进行糖化、过滤,投入0.2 g/L卡斯卡特啤酒花煮沸30 min,添加0.2 g/L捷克萨兹啤酒花煮沸45 min后,接入0.2%的艾尔酵母,20 ℃的条件下发酵5 天,然后与发酵乳（5∶1）混合,在28 ℃下后酵10 h后过滤,加入1‰的三氯蔗糖、5%木糖醇、0.3%复配乳化增稠剂,20 Mpa均质两次,灭菌后得到成品。在此工艺条件下,得到的无糖奶啤感官评分较高,酒香和乳香和谐一体,风味饱满。     

氮磷比对旱地小麦土壤水分及籽粒蛋白质积累的影响

为给旱地小麦高产优质栽培提供理论措施,采用大田试验研究了不同氮磷比对旱地小麦0～100 cm土壤蓄水量、籽粒蛋白质积累差异的影响.结果表明:增加施氮量增加了N∶P为1∶0.5和1∶0.75条件下越冬至抽穗期0～100 cm土壤蓄水量,显著增加了0～35 d籽粒蛋白质含量、成熟期籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷醇比、蛋白质产量,降低了开花期和成熟期土壤蓄水量.结果还表明:施氮量为150 kg·hm-2,增加施磷量增加了越冬至抽穗期土壤蓄水量、成熟期籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷醇比、蛋白质产量,显著增加了0～35 d籽粒蛋白质含量,降低了开花期、成熟期土壤蓄水量;施氮量为180 kg· hm-2,越冬至抽穗期土壤蓄水量以N∶P为1∶0.75最高,开花期、成熟期以N∶P为1∶0.5显著最高;0～35 d籽粒蛋白质、成熟期籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷醇比、蛋白质产量均以N∶P为1∶0.75显著最高,N∶P为1∶0.5最低.此外,籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷醇比、蛋白质产量与越冬至抽穗期土壤蓄水量呈显著或极显著正相关,与开花期、成熟期土壤蓄水量呈负相关.可见,旱地小麦深松十深施有机肥条件下,播前适当增施氮肥且N∶P为1∶0.75有利于增加越冬至抽穗期土壤蓄水量,降低开花期、成熟期土壤蓄水量,增强小麦抗旱性,提高籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、谷醇比、蛋白质产量.     

土壤—作物资源多目标优化配置分析

本文提出一种多目标土壤—作物资源优化配置的数量化分析方法,并对江苏省东海县土壤资源进行优化配置。结果表明：白浆土、岭砂土、包浆土、紫砂土等岗岭低产土应稳定小麦面积,压缩玉米面积,优先发展春花生、大豆、水稻;洼地砂姜黑土、水稻土应发展小麦—水稻和小麦—玉米两熟制,并适时换茬;介于上述两类土壤间的潮棕壤亚类和潮土类应大力发展小麦—花生两熟制。