昌吉地区作物生长季潜在蒸散量变化特征及影响因子

本文探究昌吉地区1963—2020年作物生长季蒸散量变化特征,为该地区水资源优化管理、作物合理布局、农业灌溉规划以及水资源开发利用提供依据。根据昌吉地区8个气象站点1963—2020年的气象数据,采用Thornthwaite法、气候倾向法、M-K检验法、小波分析法分析潜在蒸散量的时空变化特征,结合相关分析探讨气候因子对其影响。结果表明：（1）在时间尺度上,昌吉地区作物生长季潜在蒸散量增加趋势显著,变化率为2.3 mm/10 a,多年平均值为876 mm;8个气象站点潜在蒸散量都呈现增加趋势;（2）在空间尺度上,昌吉地区作物生长季内潜在蒸散量由西向东呈递减趋势。整体呈先减少后增加的变化趋势;（3）西部在2009年、中部在1994年、东部在2013年发生突变,昌吉地区突变发生在1997年,中部和昌吉地区突变早于西部和东部;周期变化显示,昌吉地区作物生长季潜在蒸散量有3.7~4.2年变化周期;（4）影响昌吉地区作物生长季潜在蒸散量主要因素是气温,其中最低气温逐年升高导致潜在蒸散量逐年增加的贡献最大,其他气候因子的变化对潜在蒸散量起着削弱作用。     

Effects of drought on chlorophyll fluorescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). I. Plant water status and the kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence

Summary The slow kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence were examined in seven potato genotypes grown either fully irrigated or droughted from the time of plant emergence. Constant and variable fluorescence (F _o andF _v respectively) declined with time in plants from both irrigated and droughted treatments, but the decline was greater in droughted than irrigated plants. However, the yield of variable fluorescence (F _v/(F _o+F _v)) was unaffected by the drought treatment. The main effect of drought was upon the quenching of variable fluorescence. Both the half life of the decay of variable fluorescence (q_1/2) and the secondary maximum (M) were significantly greater in the droughted plants than in those from the irrigated treatment. Significant differences between genotypes were found forF _v/(F _o+F _v),M andq _1/2. Genotype-by-treatment interactions were non-significant for all the variables examined. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence transients were not closely related to changes in leaf water potential.     

Comparison of sulfurous acid generator and alternate amendments to improve the quality of saline-sodic water for sustainable rice yields

The prolonged irrigation with marginal quality water can cause secondary salinization of soils, which necessitates for better understanding of water management alternatives. Relative performance of sulfuric acid and gypsum is still controversial to counter sodium hazards in soil/water system. As an alternative, sulfurous acid generators (SAG) are also being marketed. But up-till-now, there is not even a single field study published in scientific journals about their efficiency and economical viability for the treatment of saline-sodic water. Therefore, a field study was carried out to compare the effectiveness of SAG and alternate amendments applied on an equivalent basis to grow rice crop. SAG treatment of saline-sodic tube well water decreased only residual sodium carbonate (RSC) from 5.4 to 3.6 mmol_c l⁻¹, and had no beneficial effect on its sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) or electrical conductivity (EC). All the treatments kept soil EC and SAR around their respective threshold levels. For paddy yield, SAG, sulfuric acid, and gypsum treatments depicted nonsignificant differences. SAG and sulfuric acid treatments of water were about six times expensive than that of gypsum. It was concluded that soil-applied gypsum, to counter sodic hazards of irrigation water, is economical to sustain irrigated rice in dry regions.     

阿拉善荒漠区主要盐生植物水势日变化

以内蒙古阿拉善盟荒漠区的代表性盐生植物胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、梭梭(Haloxylom ammodendron)、沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)和小叶杨(P.simonii)等5种优势植物为研究对象,对其叶片水势的日变化进行了测...     

纤维素分解功能菌及其在草业系统界面中的利用潜势

草业系统界面论完善了草业科学的理论,为分析草业生产中系统耦合和系统相悖提供了新的方法论。本研究就国内外关于纤维素分解功能菌方面的相关报道,从纤维素分解菌的物种资源、微生物分泌的纤维素酶资源、纤维素酶基因资源3个方面总结纤维素分解功能菌的资源优势。以系统论和草业系统界面论为理论依据,从草地农业系统中的3个界面,即草丛-地境界面(A)、草地-动物界面(B) 和草畜-经营管理界面(C),分析纤维素分解功能菌资源在草业系统中的利用潜势,认为纤维素分解功能菌在土壤有机质分解、资源循环利用、环境保护、缓解草畜矛盾等方面具有一定的应用前景。并提出3个发展方向：1）继续以生态学研究为基础,研究纤维素分解菌多样性和生态功能的相互关系;2）选育对牧草及农作物秸秆具有高效降解作用的优良菌株,通过非传统的农业方法来解决家畜养殖中的饲料来源;3）促进家畜-作物系统深度耦合,维持整个草地农业生态系统有机协调地持续发展。     

利用亮甲酚蓝染色法预测牛卵母细胞发育潜能的研究

利用亮甲酚蓝(Brilliant cresyl blue,BCB)对牛未成熟卵母细胞进行染色,根据染色结果的不同对牛未成熟卵母细胞进行分组培养,观察不同组间卵母细胞发育潜能与细胞凋亡的差异,探讨以BCB着色判定牛卵质量的可行性.本试验在牛卵母细胞成熟培养前用26μmol·L-1BCB染色90 min作为处理组(BCB+和BCB-),以未染色卵母细胞作为对照组;以卵内谷胱甘肽的浓度作为胞质成熟的判定指标,以卵母细胞体外受精后囊胚率作为卵子发育能力的判定指标,同时参照卵母细胞的凋亡检测,综合评定卵子的质量.结果表明:(1)着色组(BCB+)卵母细胞成熟率与对照组和无色组(BCB-)间差异显著(P＜0.05);(2)成熟卵母细胞中谷胱甘肽的浓度较培养前差异显著(P＜0.05);(3)经BCB染色,卵母细胞在成熟后,BCB+组的成熟率、凋亡率较对照组、BCB-组差异显著(P＜0.05);(4)体外受精后,BCB+组的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数较对照组和BCB-组差异显著(P＜0.05).由此可见,牛卵母细胞经BCB的染色选择可以作为判断卵母细胞未来发育潜能的一个标记.     

基于DSSAT模型模拟气候变化对不同品种冬小麦产量潜力的影响

以石家庄地区为例分析了1955－2008年冬小麦不同生育阶段的积温、太阳辐射量和降雨量的变化趋势,并运用DSSAT模型模拟了不同年代主栽品种碧玛1号、泰山1号、济南13、冀麦30和石家庄8号的光温生产潜力和雨养产量,探讨了气候变化对冬小麦产量潜力的影响。结果表明：经过调试校正品种参数的模型模拟效果良好, 产量模拟值与实测值吻合度高;近50 a来冬小麦各品种光温生产潜力均随年份的推移呈现下降趋势,表明积温和太阳辐射量变化的减产效应;其中,拔节－抽穗期间积温的极显著增加趋势是影响20世纪90年代以前品种碧玛1号、泰山1号和济南13产量潜力的重要因素,而抽穗－成熟期间太阳辐射量的极显著减少趋势是影响近20 a品种冀麦30和石家庄8号产量潜力的重要因素;近50 a来冬小麦各品种雨养产量呈不显著增加趋势,返青-拔节期间降雨量的增加可以提高冬小麦雨养产量,并弥补生育后期降雨量减少引起的减产。     

低山丘陵盆地区农用地整理潜力分级研究

为探讨低山丘陵盆地区农用地整理潜力分级模式,在MAPGIS软件的技术支持下,综合处理研究区土地利用基础数据,针对低山丘陵盆地区土地资源现状特点,综合考虑自然、区位、经济、社会等因素,通过分析地形坡度、耕地等级和耕地区位条件,在常用潜力分级方法的基础上,构建了增加耕地面积、增加耕地系数和耕地区位指数的三指标综合分析模型,并将其应用于福建省明溪县农用地整理潜力测算研究,研究结果更加贴近实际,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级潜力镇可分别增加耕地面积329.41,144.03,77.21hm2,以期为地方农用地整理提供更好的参考和建议。     

Nutrient status of apple leaves not affected by three years of irrigation using partial rootzone drying

Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is a water‐saving irrigation technology that may affect apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. Golden Delicious/Malling7)‐tree nutrition if applied for an extended period. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that long‐term application of PRD causes seasonal changes in macro‐ and micronutrients of apple leaves. The irrigation treatments were: (1) commercial irrigation as control (CI) and (2) PRD. After 3 years of evaluation, PRD irrigation had saved about 3240 m³ of water per hectare. Leaf xylem water potential was slightly lower in the PRD treatment than in CI. The seasonal concentration of macro‐ and micronutrients was comparable between treatments, although significant differences were found at times. The macronutrient concentrations were within the normal range in PRD apple leaves. All micronutrient concentrations were slightly above the normal range except for Zn, which was slightly below the normal range. No physiological disorders associated with plant nutrition were observed on leaves or fruits. Therefore, data suggest that PRD did not alter apple‐tree nutrition during the 3‐year trial. Thus, PRD may be feasible for apple production in Central Mexico. However, further studies need to be conducted in those regions where groundwater is the main water source for irrigation and rain is negligible, particularly during the growing season.