含铊矿床在全国的分布及其资源开发对环境的影响研究

铊(Tl)是一种典型的毒害性重金属,其毒性远大于Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn等元素。大量含Tl矿产的开采和冶炼活动,导致Tl及其化合物不断进入环境,造成水体、土壤和作物中的铊含量剧增,通过食物链直接对人体健康造成威胁。对全国范围内含铊矿床的分布及其开发过程中带来的环境影响进行了概述与分析,并针对废水中铊的特性,利用黄铁矿废渣去除酸性废水中的铊,去除率达到95%以上。     

辽宁省汤河水库淤积分析研究

我国江河大多泥沙量大,造成水库淤积严重,由此带来了一系列问题:库容损失影响水库效益的发挥;坝前泥沙淤积影响枢纽的安全运行等。结合辽宁省汤河水库淤积测量项目,对水库淤积现状进行分析,探讨水库水位与淤积量之间的关系,确定在88.00～89.00m、91.00～95.00m、104.00～110.00m3个片断的淤积量特别突出。并结合水库的日常运行及相关工程措施,对水库淤积进行系统分析,指出目前水库淤积存在的问题并提出相关建议。     

韭园沟流域典型淤地坝淤粗排细作用研究

对韭园沟流域8座典型淤地坝坝内淤积物进行野外挖探坑观测取样,将坝内淤积物和马兰黄土颗粒级配进行对比,初步分析淤地坝的淤粗排细作用机理。在空间分布上,垂直分布,淤地坝坝内淤积物具有一定的沉积层理,即粉土层与黏土层相间分布;水平分布,同一沟道上游淤地坝较下游淤地坝淤积物粒径粗,单坝远坝处较近坝处淤积物粒径粗。工程结构上,有放水建筑物的淤地坝,控制面积决定了其淤粗排细效果;控制面积相近的淤地坝,有无放水建筑物决定了其淤粗排细效果;水毁坝也具有一定淤粗排细作用。     

解决陕北库坝群泥沙淤积的根本途径

在对陕北黄土高原库坝群泥沙淤积治理模式研究的基础上,从该区地貌特征、水土流失成因出发,提出了解决库坝群泥沙淤积的途径。通过采用沟头、支毛沟、干沟及坡面的综合治理,实现相对就地拦截泥沙,从而达到控制库坝淤积的目的。     

柴油机燃用植物油的耐久性试验研究

柴油机燃用植物油的短期耐久试验证明了菜籽油可作为一种代用燃料,但也暴露出了一系列的问题。试验后观察试验柴油机的主要零部件,可看到燃烧室的表面有大量的积碳、喷油器结焦、气门黏滞、缸套轻微刮伤等现象。这导致了柴油机性能的下降、油耗的升高和经济性的下降。其中,喷油器结焦和气门黏滞是性能下降的主要原因。     

Deposition characteristics and biological effectiveness of fungicides applied to winter wheat and the hazards of drift when using different types of hydraulic nozzles

Hydraulic-fan cone, low-pressure fan and two-chamber cone nozzles were used at 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 bar (150, 300 and 600 kPa) to deliver 140, 200 and 3001 ha⁻¹ respectively of a fungicide spray to control mildew and yellow rust in winter wheat. No significant differences in biological effect were obtained although fan nozzles deposited significantly more on the upper parts of the stems, and two-chamber cone nozzles deposited less on the flag leaf and on the upper part of the stems. Because of their higher deposit and more even distribution, fan nozzles should be preferred, operated at a pressure of 1.5–3 bar to deliver a spray volume of 140–190 lha⁻¹ at 7 km h⁻¹ and to obtain an acceptable biological effect. Higher pressure (6 bar) and volume rates gave no improvement in fungicide performance. Adding a surfactant or penetration oil did not change the volume median diameter or proportion of spray liquid in droplets < 150 μm. Less drift was found when using two-chamber cone nozzles at 3 bar than with flat-fan spray nozzles at 1.5 bar. It is concluded that the two-chamber cone nozzle is useful for fungicide application when drift must be avoided.     

Contents and spatial distribution patterns of heavy metals in the hinterland of the Tengger Desert,China

The desert in northern China is one of important sources of loess and one significant source of material for sandstorms in Asia. The sand/dust that is transported from desert when sandstorms occur can destroy the growth of crops, cause serious losses and great harm to the economic construction and life safety, and cause natural environment pollution. Hence, it is very important to deepen the research into heavy metals in surface deposits at vulnerable ecological region of arid land of northern China to guide local industrial and agricultural development and improve environmental protection. In this research, 10 heavy metal elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Th) were tested and analyzed in 33 soil sample sites collected from the hinterland of the Tengger Desert, northern China. The results showed that the average abundance of Th exceeded its background soil value of China by more than 5.2 times, which suggests that the Tengger Desert is polluted by Th. In addition, based on principal component analysis, spatial differentiation, and correlation analysis, we identified the source of element with a coefficient of variation in abundance of greater than 0.5 or exceeding the background soil value of China. Principal component analysis and correlation analysis showed that the sources of heavy metals of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Cd were similar, while those of Th and Zn were different. Moreover, based on the contents and spatial distribution characteristics of those heavy metal elements, we found that the formation of heavy metal elements enrichment areas is caused by industrial pollution, development of irrigated agricultural, geological, and geomorphic conditions, and the sedimentary environment in the study area. Our result can provide information on the environmental background values of soils in the hinterland of the Tengger Desert. Background value of China^a(mg/kg)     

含蜡原油浮动清蜡输送工艺

对于在役且输油量低于设计输量的含蜡输油管道，为充分利用结蜡层的保温效果来调节油电消耗的比例，提出了含蜡原油浮动清管输送工艺。通过对含蜡层保温作用的计算及浮动清蜡器的初步设计，给出了浮动清蜡工艺输送的必要条件，分析了浮动清管输送工艺的安全性。计算结果表明，该输送工艺可达到降低输油成本的目标。