Soil processes as affected by replacement of natural mesquite ecosystem with maize crop

 In the central highlands of Mexico, the vegetation is dominated by mesquite (Prosopis spp.), a leguminous tree or shrub. An experiment was carried out to investigate how cultivating the land and the disappearance of the natural ecosystem affected the biological functioning of the soil. Soil was sampled from under the canopy of isolated (MESQ treatment) and densely growing mesquite trees (DENS treatment), from the surrounding soil not covered by the canopies of the trees (BARE treatment) and from adjacent land cultivated with maize (ARABLE treatment). Soil was characterized and then incubated aerobically for 39 days at 22±1  °C and CO₂, N₂O production, microbial biomass C and inorganic N concentrations were monitored. The organic C content was 2.3 times and 1.1 times greater in the MESQ and the BARE treatments, respectively, than in the ARABLE treatment, while microbial biomass C was 3.5 times and 1.3 times greater. The microbial biomass activity as expressed by CO₂ production was 5.9 times and 3.9 times greater in the MESQ and the BARE treatments, respectively, than in the ARABLE treatment, while N mineralization, as witnessed by the increase in NO₃ ^– concentrations, was 3.4 times and 1.7 times greater. No significant amounts of N₂O were produced in any of the treatments. It was found that cultivating land characterized by the presence of mesquite changed its characteristics profoundly, and even soil not covered by tree canopies had higher microbial biomass C, and C and N mineralization than soil cultivated with maize and beans. Received: 1 December 1997     

Influence of different agricultural practices (type of crop, form of N-fertilizer) on soil nitrous oxide emissions

 N₂O emissions were periodically measured using the static chamber method over a 1-year period in a cultivated field subjected to different agricultural practices including the type of N fertilizer (NH₄NO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄, CO(NH₂)₂ or KNO₃ and the type of crop (rapeseed and winter wheat). N₂O emissions exhibited the same seasonal pattern whatever the treatment, with emissions between 1.5 and 15 g N ha^–1 day^–1 during the autumn, 16–56 g N ha^–1 day^–1 in winter after a lengthy period of freezing, 0.5–70 g N ha^–1 day^–1 during the spring and lower emissions during the summer. The type of crop had little impact on the level of N₂O emission. These emissions were a little higher under wheat during the autumn in relation to an higher soil NO₃ ^– content, but the level of emissions was similar over a 7-month period (2163 and 2093 g N ha^–1 for rape and wheat, respectively). The form of N fertilizer affected N₂O emissions during the month following fertilizer application, with higher emissions in the case of NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄, and a different temporal pattern of emissions after CO(NH₂)₂ application. The proportion of applied N lost as N₂O varied from 0.42% to 0.55% with the form of N applied, suggesting that controlling this agricultural factor would not be an efficient way of limiting N₂O emissions under certain climatic and pedological situations. Received: 1 December 1997     

鲢鱼肌肉热变性特点的研究

本文报告了鲢鱼肌肉受热时,其Vp值、失水率以及过氧化物酶活力的变化特点。指出在75℃和80℃下加热时,其肌肉过氧化物酶完全失活时对应的Vp值差异较小,分别为51min和55min;而对应的失水率相差较大,为18.2％和24.2％。     

Karyotype analysis of the genus Clivia by Giemsa and fluorochrome banding and in situ hybridization

The karyotypes of species in the genus Clivia were analyzed by using Giemsa C-banding, fluorochrome staining, silver impregnation and in situ hybridization. Banded ideograms were established with computer aided image analysis. A chromosome number of 2n = 22 and a similar basic karyotype, based on relative chromosome length and arm ratio, was found in all the four species. There were clear differences in banding pattern between the species which allowed their karyotypes, and consequently the species, to be unambiguously identified. Apart from at the centromere, heterochromatin was mainly distributed on the short arms of the smaller chromosomes. Amounts of heterochromatin in C. miniata and C. gardenii were greater than in the other two species. The number of pairs of rDNA sites, identified by in situ hybridization, ranged from one to three. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

鲢肌球蛋白重链球状结构域的cDNA克隆及结构解析

根据已经获得的两种鲢肌球蛋白重链同工型基因(低温型sc-w和高温型sc-s)在3′端展现的明显差异,设计了2个特异性的反向引物,以鲤科鱼类肌球蛋白重链5′端的保守序列为正向引物,通过Long-PCR对编码鲢两种肌球蛋白重链同工型的球状结构域(Subfragment-1,S1)的全长基因进行了克隆和测序,并推断出它们一级结构的氨基酸序列。研究结果表明,sc-w与sc-s在S1的初级结构上显示80.5%的同源性、与已经报道的草鱼低温型(gc10)有97.2%的高同源性;sc-s则与草鱼中间型(gcI)和高温型(gc30)显示了分别为98.4%和97.1%的高同源性。低温型的sc-w和gc10在S1初级结构上展现的特有变异主要发生在43个氨基酸残基位点,其中15个属保守性残基。对S1区域中两个功能性的表面环loop1(与ATP结合位点有关)和loop2(与肌动蛋白结合位点有关)的结构解析发现,sc-w和gc10在两个表面环的长度、残基电荷分布和氨基酸组成等方面与其它同工型之间存在明显差异,揭示了这两个表面环的结构差异可能影响了栖息于不同环境温度下的淡水鱼的肌球蛋白分子马达功能。分子系统树的分析结果进一步证明,鱼类栖...     

太湖梅梁湾大型生态控藻围栏内鲢鳙的生长特征

富营养化湖泊围栏养殖鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)控制蓝藻水华在生物操纵示范中得到了广泛应用。在2004和2005年,研究了太湖梅梁湾生态修复区内大型生物控藻围栏中鲢鳙的季节生长特征,分析了影响其生长的因素。结果表明,鲢鳙生长受养殖密度的影响很大,鲢在养殖密度低的2004年和养殖密度高的2005年的日均增重分别为6.07 g和4.30 g,鳙则分别为11.29 g和5.09 g。鳙的生长速度比鲢快,但受密度影响的程度比鲢大。从季节变化来看,鲢属于单峰型生长,生长速度和水温显著正相关;而鳙一年中呈现出2个生长高峰期,分别在5～6月和9～10月,夏季爆发的蓝藻水华对鳙的生长速度有所抑制。为使当年投放的鱼苗在年底能达到出售的商品规格,太湖梅梁湾水域围栏养殖鲢鳙的初始鱼苗投放密度应低于12 g/m3。     

碳中和目标下畜牧业低碳发展路径

推动实现碳中和是可持续发展的关键,减少温室气体排放是推动实现碳中和的根本.作为国际低碳行动的引领者和开拓者,中国承诺将力争于2030年前实现二氧化碳排放达峰,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和.农业生产活动是中国温室气体的第三大排放源,其中畜牧业贡献了农业非二氧化碳温室气体排放的80％,是农业主要温室气体排放源.因此,畜牧...     

持续低氧胁迫对长丰鲢血液指标和组织抗氧化酶活性及相关基因表达的影响

将长丰鲢置于质量浓度为(2.0±0.5) mg/L的低溶解氧环境中,分析低氧处理后不同时间(0、3、6、12、24、36、48、60、72、84 h)长丰鲢的血液指标、脑和肝脏的抗氧化酶活指标及相关基因的表达变化。结果表明：持续低氧胁迫48 h,导致长丰鲢血液中血红蛋白质量浓度和白细胞数显著增加;血清中总抗氧化能力显著上升;低氧胁迫下,长丰鲢肝脏中GSH–PX活性除36和48 h外均显著降低,且脑中GSH–PX活性在24～60 h内显著低于对照组的;长丰鲢肝脏中CAT活性从36 h开始显著上升,而脑中CAT活性从6 h时开始上升,60 h及之后又显著下降;长丰鲢肝脏中SOD活性在低氧胁迫后3 h内迅速下降至最低值,之后呈缓慢上升趋势,但仍显著低于对照的,而脑中SOD活性从3h时开始上升,除72h时外,均与对照组的持平或显著高于对照组的;HIF–1α和phd3在长丰鲢脑和肝脏中均有较高的表达,低氧胁迫下其表达量存在波动,但除个别时间点外,均显著高于对照组的。可见,在持续低氧胁迫下,长丰鲢通过增加血红蛋白质量浓度提高氧气运输能力,而这一生理响应可能受到HIF–1α及phds基因表达的调控,...