太湖梅梁湾大型生态控藻围栏内鲢鳙的生长特征

富营养化湖泊围栏养殖鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)控制蓝藻水华在生物操纵示范中得到了广泛应用。在2004和2005年,研究了太湖梅梁湾生态修复区内大型生物控藻围栏中鲢鳙的季节生长特征,分析了影响其生长的因素。结果表明,鲢鳙生长受养殖密度的影响很大,鲢在养殖密度低的2004年和养殖密度高的2005年的日均增重分别为6.07 g和4.30 g,鳙则分别为11.29 g和5.09 g。鳙的生长速度比鲢快,但受密度影响的程度比鲢大。从季节变化来看,鲢属于单峰型生长,生长速度和水温显著正相关;而鳙一年中呈现出2个生长高峰期,分别在5～6月和9～10月,夏季爆发的蓝藻水华对鳙的生长速度有所抑制。为使当年投放的鱼苗在年底能达到出售的商品规格,太湖梅梁湾水域围栏养殖鲢鳙的初始鱼苗投放密度应低于12 g/m3。     

银鲫肠道内抑制嗜水气单胞菌的潜在益生菌筛选及其特性研究

从养殖的银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)肠道中分离纯化得到60株具有不同特征的菌株,以嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)为指示菌,点种法初筛得到12株菌株,再通过牛津杯实验筛选出4株对嗜水气单胞菌有明显抑制作用(抑菌圈直径在14 mm以上)的益生菌疑似株,并进行了耐热试验、耐酸试验和人工肠液耐受试验,筛选出最符合益生菌功能特性的菌株YJ-9。该菌株在90℃高温水浴30 min后相对存活率为1.51%,在pH3的液体培养基中4 h内相对存活率为8.37%,活菌数都保持在106 CFU/mL以上,并且可以在人工模拟肠液中缓慢生长。在急性毒力实验中,10倍于实验剂量的菌株YJ-9对银鲫无毒,动物保护实验证明菌株YJ-9能有效增强银鲫对嗜水气单胞菌的免疫抵抗力,相对保护率达到80%。研究结果表明,菌株YJ-9可以作为一个新的饲用微生态制剂候选菌种。     

Effects of algae particle size on the breathing and feeding of filter‐feeding silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val.)

A variety of parameters associated with breathing and feeding of silver carp were measured in response to declines in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels when the fish were fed microalgae Padorina morum (PM group) and Chlorella ellipsoidea (CE group), respectively, to explore the relationship between breathing and feeding while filtering microalgae particles at different DO levels. The results indicated that (i) respiratory frequency (f_R) of the fish in CE group were higher significantly than those in PM group at DO levels of 0.98–7.49 mg/L (P < 0.05); respiratory stroke volume (V_S.R), gill ventilation (V_G) and V_G/VO₂ the fish in two groups began to increase sharply while DO levels declined to below 4.04 mg/L (P < 0.05); oxygen extraction efficiency (EO₂) of the fish in two groups increased significantly with decline of DO levels from 7.49 mg/L to 0.98 mg/L (P < 0.05); (ii) the infiltration rate (FR) and filtering efficiency (E) of the fish in two groups began to decrease significantly while DO levels declined to below 4.04 mg/L (P < 0.05); clearance rate (CR) of fish in PM group was sixfold higher than that in CE group at DO levels of 0.98–7.49 mg/L (P < 0.05). In addition, antifiltering response appeared at DO levels of 2.21 mg/L and 0.98 mg/L in both groups. This study indicated that ‘filtration effect’ is dominant when the fish filter algae particles larger than its gill raker gaps, while the ‘food sinking effect’ is dominant when the fish filter algae particles smaller than its gill raker gaps.     

外源NO对盐胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探究外源NO对盐胁迫下甜高粱种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以国能4号甜高粱为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0.05、0.1和0.2 mmol·L^-1)硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)处理1.6%NaCl胁迫下的种子和幼苗,统计种子发芽数,测定幼苗叶片叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性等生理生化指标。结果表明,盐胁迫抑制了甜高粱种子的萌发,种子发芽指标(种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数)显著降低,1.6%NaCl是甜高粱种子萌发的敏感盐浓度;喷施不同浓度SNP可显著提高盐胁迫下甜高粱种子的发芽率及幼苗叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,降低叶片MDA含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,其中0.1 mmol·L^-1SNP处理效果最佳。0.1 mmol·L^-1SNP处理下,与单独盐浓度处理相比,甜高粱种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别增加了29.51%、39.21%和38.91%;幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量分别提高了230.00%、184.38%、214.13%、17.00%、8.78%和40.63%;MDA含量降低了34.01%;SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性分别增强了33.38%、55.75%、23.17%和116.46%。综上,盐胁迫下适宜浓度的SNP处理,可提高甜高粱幼苗叶片渗透调节物质含量,增强抗氧化酶活性,清除体内活性氧,从而促进幼苗生长,增强植株抗盐性。本研究结果为提高甜高粱耐盐性及揭示其耐盐机制提供了理论依据。     

外源一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片氧化损伤的保护效应

研究了0.05 mmol/L、0.10 mmol/L和0.80 mmol/L的外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对100 mmol/LNaC l胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentumM ill.)幼苗叶片氧化损伤的影响。结果表明,在NaC l胁迫处理8 h和24 h时,与100 mmol/L NaC l单独处理相比,0.05 mmol/L和0.10 mmol/L SNP处理均显著提高了番茄幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性以及脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,显著降低了丙二醛(MDA)和活性氧(O2.-)含量,而0.10 mmol/L SNP处理的效果比0.05 mmol/L处理的效果更好,0.80 mmol/L SNP处理的效果不明显。以上结果表明,外源SNP处理缓解番茄幼苗NaC l胁迫具有剂量效应,0.10 mmol/L SNP处理能显著提高番茄幼苗叶片的抗氧化能力,而且效果最好。     

Karyotype analysis of the genus Clivia by Giemsa and fluorochrome banding and in situ hybridization

The karyotypes of species in the genus Clivia were analyzed by using Giemsa C-banding, fluorochrome staining, silver impregnation and in situ hybridization. Banded ideograms were established with computer aided image analysis. A chromosome number of 2n = 22 and a similar basic karyotype, based on relative chromosome length and arm ratio, was found in all the four species. There were clear differences in banding pattern between the species which allowed their karyotypes, and consequently the species, to be unambiguously identified. Apart from at the centromere, heterochromatin was mainly distributed on the short arms of the smaller chromosomes. Amounts of heterochromatin in C. miniata and C. gardenii were greater than in the other two species. The number of pairs of rDNA sites, identified by in situ hybridization, ranged from one to three. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Functional Properties of Water-Soluble Proteins from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) at Different pHs

Water-soluble proteins (WSP) from silver carp muscle are currently underutilized in China and are discarded into waste streams in surimi processing. In order to utilize WSP resources efficiently, this work investigated the effect of pH on the functional properties of WSP. With an increase in pH, the solubility decreased and then increased; the lowest solubility was observed at pH 4.0. Also, heat-stability, emulsifying activity index (EAI), and foamability decreased and then increased with increasing pH; the lowest values were shown at pH 5.0. The better heat-stability, EAI, and foamability were obtained at pH 3.0. An increase in total sulfhydryl content was observed when the pH was 3.0–5.0, and a decrease was obtained at pH 5.0–9.0. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of WSP treated at various pHs showed that molecular weights of the main WSP ranged from 30 to 97 kDa. The WSP was recovered by adjusting the pH to 4.0–5.0, and the functional properties of WSP were greatly affected by pH value.     

The effect of Ferralsol mineralogy on the distribution of organic C across aggregate size fractions under native vegetation and no‐tillage agriculture

No‐tillage management can increase soil surface layer organic C (OC) levels compared with conventional tillage. The mechanisms underlying this increase in highly weathered tropical soils, such as Ferralsols, are not well established. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the influence of mineralogy on aggregation and the apportionment of OC across aggregate size fractions in a Brazilian Ferralsol under native vegetation (NV) and no‐tillage management for 10 (NT10) or 20 (NT20) yrs. Under native vegetation, soil OC generally increased with increasing aggregate size while, in response to changing management, soil OC increased in the order NT10 (8.8 g/kg) < NT20 (12.7 g/kg) < NV (19.1 g/kg). There were no significant differences in the mineralogy of the clay size fractions among the three treatments, with the notable exception of the CBD‐extractable Fe oxide fraction (Fe_CBD). The Fe_CBD fraction comprises various pedogenic Fe(hydr)oxides and increased from NT10 (33.9 g/kg) to NT20 (64.2 g/kg). The OC/Fe_CBD mass ratio within aggregates increased in the order NT10 <  NT20 <  NV while R² values for OC and Fe_CBD occurrence follow this same trend, with the NT10 soil showing a weaker correlation (R² = 0.178) compared with the NV soil (R² = 0.533). We propose that formation of organo‐Fe(III) oxide associations is promoted with implementation of NT management and the consequent reduction in macroaggregate turnover. The development of the OC‐Fe(III) oxide associations and their evolution over time within aggregates to more thermodynamically stable entities will strongly influence the long‐term preservation of soil OC.     

Induction of 2n pollen in tulips by arresting the meiotic process with nitrous oxide gas

Triploid tulips have agronomically desirable traits such as vigorous growth and large flower size, but only a portion of all cultivated tulips is triploid. To apply 2n pollen to polyploid breeding of tulips, the polyploidizing agent, nitrous oxide gas (N₂O), was applied to bulbs. In tulips, meiosis in anthers occurs inside the bulbs from mid- to late-October. When meiosis in anthers (excised from bulbs) reached metaphase I, we treated other bulbs of the same clones with N₂O for 24–48 h. Most of the treated plants produced pollen grains with a wide-ranging or bimodal size distribution, indicating a mixture of n, 2n and aneuploid pollen grains. The use of pollen containing a relatively high proportion of giant pollen grains tended to yield larger numbers of triploids in the progeny. The number of giant pollen grains could be increased when N₂O-treated pollen grains were suspended in 10% sucrose and then sieved through a nylon mesh. Very few polyploids were observed in some cross combinations, even those involving pollen with a relatively high proportion of giant grains. Even so, this low polyploid yield most likely is due to a triploid block, because the capsules obtained in the crosses of the diploid×N₂O-treated plants contained some abnormal seeds, which were mostly triploid. Embryo culture was useful in rescuing abnormal embryos. The present study reveals that 2n pollen can be produced at high frequency using N₂O during tulip breeding.