Whole genome analyses revealed genomic difference between European taurine and East Asian taurine

European taurine and East Asian taurine are two main clades in Bos taurus, but their genomic differences are not clearly elucidated. Here, we sequenced 16 Mongolian cattle genomes and compared them to the 92 genomes of 10 representative breeds worldwide. We found the highest LD level in Mishima cattle and the fastest LD decay in European taurine. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Mongolian, Hanwoo and Mishima cattle were clustered into East Asian taurine. From selective sweep, gene annotation, functional enrichment and differential expression analysis, we identified selective signals including genes and/or pathways related to rapid growth and large body size in European taurine, and superior meat quality in East Asian taurine. Our findings will help us understand the evolutionary history and formation process of the breeds and provide theoretical materials regarding the genetic mechanism underlying breed characteristics and molecular breeding programmes of the taurine clades in the future.     

人工林峦大杉木材的物理力学性质

对福建省引种的24年生峦大杉的木材物理力学性质进行检测,结果表明：峦大杉木材的气干密度为0．344g／cm3、弦向全干干缩率6．020％、弦向湿胀性6．440％、吸水性237．810％、顺纹抗压强度6．004MPa、抗弯弹性模量7250．810MPa、抗弯强度59．840MPa、顺纹抗拉强度62．800MPa;峦大杉的材质与杉木相近,应用方面可参考杉木,在木构件加工时,其安全系数可使用杉木的量值。     

Heat Transfer Characteristics of the Melting Process of the Metal Foam/Paraffin Compound Material

In order to enhance the heat transfer in the phase change heat storage device, a rectangular cavity filled with metal foam / paraffin wax is made. The melting heat storage experiment of foam metal / wax composite phase change material was carried out in the transverse wall temperature conditions. The temperature change curve is drawn according to different heating temperatures. Both the effects of natural convection in rectangular cavity on temperature distribution and the impact of heat transfer temperature difference on the thermal storage time are analyzed. The results show that the melting process of the paraffin in the body cavity is reinforced by the high thermal conductivity of copper foam. The remaining solid paraffin is accelerated to melt by the natural convection of the liquid paraffin formed near the heating surface; and the greater the heat transfer temperature difference is, the greater the natural convection is and the shorter the time for heat storage is.     

哈密瓜变温压差膨化干燥工艺优化研究

为了对哈密瓜变温压差膨化干燥工艺进行优化,采用三因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,分析预干燥后含水率、膨化温度和抽空时间3个变量对产品含水率、脆度、膨化度和色泽的影响,在此基础上由试验数据推导出描述4个指标的二次回归模型,并对变量进行响应面分析,得出优化膨化干燥工艺条件为:预干燥后原料含水率为30%,膨化温度为88～95℃,抽空时间为1.7～2.2 h.     

黄壤小流域水田和旱地土壤养分差异性探析

为探析黄壤小流域不同耕地类型土壤养分特征,选取贵州省黔中地区小流域作为研究区域。采用野外田间土样采集与室内分析相结合的方法,研究黄壤小流域不同类型耕地土壤养分的盈缺、变异程度以及养分间相关性。结果表明:黔中地区黄壤小流域不同类型耕地土壤养分含量相差不大且处于丰富水平,而且不同类型耕地土壤养分变异系数相近,变异程度相当;水田耕地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾为33.90 g/kg、1.30g/kg、116.6 mg/kg、26.69 mg/kg、164.50 mg/kg,旱地耕地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾为31.66g/kg、1.10 g/kg、108.01 mg/kg、29.09 mg/kg、177.75 mg/kg,均处在国家二级、三级水平,黄壤小流域水田和旱地土壤养分变异系数均处在10~100%之间,水田、旱地耕地土壤养分变异系数大小为有效磷速效钾全氮有机质碱解氮p H,其变异程度属于中等变异性。不管在水生环境中还是在旱生条件下,黔中地区黄壤小流域耕地土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量较丰富,其差异不明显。水田土壤养分间,除有机质与全氮、全氮与碱解氮有明显的关系外,其他养分之间的关系不明显,其相互影响度不强。旱地土壤养分间关系密切,表现出较强的相关性。此外,不同类型耕地土壤p H值与土壤各养分间的相关性并不一致。     

钝化修复对不同水稻品种镉累积效应及土壤特性的影响

为了探讨坡缕石钝化修复下不同水稻品种(T优272和丰优9号)吸收累积Cd差异,采用盆栽试验,研究了酸性Cd污染稻田土(PL1、PL2和PL3处理)对2种水稻品种重金属Cd累积效应,以及对土壤酶活性、氮磷有效性的影响。结果表明,种植的常规水稻品种T优272稻谷干物质量比低Cd吸收品种丰优9号高7.91%。坡缕石钝化修复下,T优272与丰优9号稻谷干物质量无显著差异,但土壤p H值分别较CK增加了0.33~0.46和0.40~0.53。与CK相比,PL1F、PL2F和PL3F处理土壤有效态Cd质量分数最大降低13.59%,稻米Cd质量分数降幅达20.51%~51.28%,其中PL3F处理的稻米Cd质量分数为0.19 mg/kg,低于食品安全国家标准限量值(0.20 mg/kg);PL1T、PL2T和PL3T处理土壤有效态Cd质量分数最大降低25.08%,糙米Cd质量分数最大降低37.50%,其中PL3T处理糙米Cd质量分数为0.35 mg/kg。土壤酶活性随着坡缕石添加量的增加而逐渐升高,而且种植T优272品种的土壤酶活性总体上高于丰优9号。随着坡缕石添加量的增加,钝化修复各处理间土壤碱解氮质量分数无显著差异,但土壤有效磷质量分数呈逐渐降低趋势;与CK相比,种植丰优9号和T优272品种的土壤有效磷质量分数分别降低了7.08%~18.08%和9.02%~19.59%。研究结果可为重金属Cd污染酸性水稻田土壤坡缕石钝化与低Cd吸收水稻品种联合修复提供一定的科学依据。     

统筹城乡经济社会发展缩小城乡居民收人差距

党的十六大提出了"五个统筹"的科学发展观,统筹城乡经济社会发展,缩小城乡居民收入差距在当前具有重要的现实意义.统筹城乡经济社会发展应关注区域性差异问题、劳动力就业问题、城镇化问题和国民经济分配格局问题,实施非均衡的区域经济发展战略,重视农村劳动力转移中的非正规就业,实施多元化的城镇化发展战略,给予农民平等的发展机会和国民待遇.     

Analysis of Genetic Difference Between Species in Lupins by AFLP

The genetic difference between species in 18 lupins (Lupinus L. ) varieties including L. angustifolius L., L. albus L., L. pilosus Murr. was analyzed using AFLP. A total of 462 bands were observed, among of which, 442 (95.7%) were polymorphic, with an average of 110.5 polymorphic bands for each AFLP primer combination. The average genetic diversity index was 0. 781 in this study. The genetic difference between species was higher than that of between varieties, the average identification percentage of four AFLP primer combinations was 100% and 84.7% between species and between varieties, respectively. The cluster analysis indicated that 3 species were distinctly distinguished on the dendrogram using UPGMA method.     

三角帆蚌、池蝶蚌及其杂交F1代早期形态差异分析

测量了三角帆蚌(S)和池蝶蚌(C)及其杂交F1代(SS,CC,S♀×C♂,C♀×S♂)8月龄时的11个外部形态特征数据,使用壳长校正样本规格差异后,分别进行聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析。聚类分析及主成分分析的结果均表明正交F1代(SC)的体型偏于母本三角帆蚌,而反交F1代(CS)的体型则介于两亲本之间。三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌之间的判别准确率较高,综合判别率达81.16%,引入正反杂交F1代进行判别则综合判别准确率下降至57.46%。以上结果暗示三角帆蚌与池蝶蚌之间的亲缘关系有可能高于现在普遍认为的种间关系。     

不同玉米品种对镉的富集和转运特性

通过室外盆栽试验,研究了18个玉米品种在土壤外加全镉含量为5.0 mg·kg~(-1)条件下对镉的富集和转运差异,并探讨土壤镉形态与玉米吸收镉之间的关系。结果表明:供试玉米品种的生物量和产量以及根、茎、叶、籽粒积累和转运镉的能力存在显著差异,其中9个玉米品种籽粒镉含量未超过国家食品安全卫生标准(GB 2762—2012),3个玉米品种的茎镉含量和2个玉米品种的叶镉含量均未超过国家饲料卫生标准(GB 13078—2001);根、茎、叶、籽粒部位镉的富集系数范围分别为1.076~1.991、0.093~0.430、0.068~0.902和0.004~0.081。茎叶和籽粒镉的转运系数范围分别为0.19~0.83和0.03~0.44,表明土壤镉从玉米地下部向地上部迁移的能力较弱。玉米吸收镉与土壤中可交换态镉有一定的正相关关系,与残渣态镉有一定的负相关关系。经综合评价,新东单16、东单60、沈禾118和富友9可作为镉中轻度污染土壤上种植玉米的优先选择品种。