生物质固化成型制品表面裂纹试验研究

针对目前生物质热压成型制品表面易出现裂纹及变形现象,通过试验研究了裂纹形成的影响因素,并结合相关研究成果探讨了裂纹形成的根本原因。结果表明:含水率和进料速度等因素影响裂纹的形成;挤压中材料屈服强度后的塑性流动过程产生的剪应力是裂纹形成的根本原因;保型筒对于减少裂纹的功用主要作用于成型过程的塑性流动阶段。     

New approach for olive trees irrigation scheduling using trunk diameter sensors

Trunk diameter fluctuations (TDFs) have been suggested as an irrigation-scheduling tool for several fruit trees, but the works in olive trees has not obtained successful results with any of the indicators (maximum daily shrinkage (MDS) and trunk growth rate (TGR)) that are calculated from the daily TDF curves. No studies of olive trees have ever used reference trees to reduce the influence of the environment, as in work for other fruit trees. In this work, we compare different continuous and discrete water status measurements in a drought cycle. We suggest the calculation of a new and related indicator (DTGR), the difference between the TGR of stressed trees, and the TGR of reference trees. Negative DTGR values always indicate water stress conditions. The current work describes the variations of this new indicator (DTGR) in relation to water stress, and compares DTRG to the midday stem water potential, maximum leaf conductance and to the MDS. The midday stem water potential and the maximum leaf conductance describe the stress cycle clearer than the trunk diameter fluctuation indicators. No significant differences were found in the values of MDS between stressed and reference trees. On the other hand, the DTGR pattern values were near that of the stem water potential, though positive values were recorded in some dates during the water stress cycle. These variations indicate that DTGR is not a cumulative water stress indicators, as is water potential. Therefore, according to our data, water potential is a better indicator than the TDF parameters when no deficit irrigation scheduling is performed in olive trees. DTGR seems to be a good indicator of water stress from a threshold value around −1.4 MPa in olive trees. In addition, higher variability of DTGR than stem water potential may also be reduced with the increase in the number of sensors.     

Soil physical characteristics of peat soils

Drainage and intensive use of fens lead to alterations in the physical characteristics of peat soils. This was demonstrated using parameters of water balance (available water capacity) and the evaluated unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Deriving the distribution of the pore size from the water retention curve was flawed because of shrinkage due to drainage, especially at high soil water potentials. These errors became greater as the peat was less influenced by soil‐genetic processes. The water retention curves (desorption) evaluated in the field and the laboratory satisfactorily corresponded. However, the wetting‐ and drainage‐curves obtained in the field differed up to 30 vol.‐% water content at same soil water potentials. These differences were largely due to a wetting inhibition.     

Shrinkage variation in Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi, [Lamb.]Carr.) progenies/provenances trials in Eastern Canada

Twelve-year-old Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi [Lamb.]Carr.) trees of 20 different progenies and/or provenances were sampled at one site in the Mauricie region of Quebec. Two standard samples were obtained at breast height and closer to the bark from each tree. Partial and total radial, tangential, and volumetric shrinkages, and tangential/radial (T/R) shrinkage ratios were assessed. All of these variables were significantly affected by the progeny/provenance. Drying defects are one of the main reasons for downgrading larch lumber; thus, T/R shrinkage ratio was considered for the selection of progenies/provenances for lumber production purposes. Lowest partial and total T/R shrinkage ratios were obtained with progenies/provenances 8964, 8904, 8962, 8957, 8907, 8927, 7283, and 7795. Among them, lowest partial and total tangential, radial, and volumetric shrinkages were found in progenies/provenances 8964, 8962, and 8907 as well. Other physico-chemical (mechanical properties, density, extractive content) and silvicultural (growth rate) attributes should also be taken into consideration for an adequate selection of progenies/provenances according to the specific final utilization.     

扩行距、缩株距对春玉米冠层结构及产量的影响

为探究西辽河平原地区玉米扩行距、缩株距密植增产的生理生态机制,本研究以紧凑耐密玉米品种‘农华101’和半紧凑耐密玉米品种‘伟科702’为试验材料,在6×104株·hm-2(D1)、7.5×104株·hm-2(D2)、9×104株·hm-2(D3)密度下,设置扩行距、缩株距(KH,种植行距为100 cm,D1、D2和D3株距分别为16.67 cm、13.33 cm和11.11 cm)和当地农民常规种植(CK,种植行距为60 cm,D1、D2和D3株距分别为27.78 cm、22.22 cm和18.52 cm)2种种植模式,测定玉米吐丝期、乳熟期及完熟期玉米冠层叶面积指数、茎叶夹角、叶向值、透光率和产量及其构成因素,计算叶面积衰减率,研究扩行距、缩株距种植对春玉米产量及冠层结构特性的影响。结果表明,2品种KH种植下产量均显著大于CK,以D2密度下增产最明显;生育后期2品种KH种植下叶面积指数均大于CK,且乳熟期均达显著水平,D2密度下差异最大;2品种KH种植下均表现为上部叶片茎叶夹角较小,叶向值较大,而中部叶片和下部叶片茎叶夹角较大,叶向值较小。2品种KH种植下冠层透光率各层位均大于CK,其中顶层和穗位层均达显著水平;D1密度下,除2015年吐丝期‘伟科702’外均表现为顶层穗位层底层,D2、D3密度下,除2015年乳熟期D3密度下‘伟科702’外均表现为穗位层顶层底层,且以吐丝期D2密度下差异最为明显。综上所述,在较高密度种植下KH种植模式冠层结构更为合理,产量更高;且不同品种对KH种植模式的响应存在差异,其中‘农华101’各层位叶面积指数、茎叶夹角均小于‘伟科702’;各层位叶向值、冠层透光率均大于‘伟科702’;实测产量不同密度下均大于‘伟科702’,在7.5×104株·hm-2密度下产量最大,且‘农华101’较‘伟科702’增产更为明显。     

盐基离子对土壤持水及收缩特性的影响

不同盐离子对土壤持水能力具有不同程度影响,且在土壤水分特征曲线测定过程中,土体随失水发生收缩和开裂。在已获取研究成果基础上进行扩展,进一步探索8种低浓度盐离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、HCO_3~-、CO_3~(2-)、SO_4~(2-))对土壤持水能力和收缩特征的影响。选取陕西粉黏壤土并分别采用含有此8种离子的盐溶液(浓度均约为1 g·L~(-1))对土样进行饱和处理,以无盐离子处理作为对照(CK);采用离心机法获取土壤水分特征曲线,使用游标卡尺测定离心过程中的土体轴向沉降高度,编写MATLAB程序对裂缝图像提取裂隙度量指标,据此对各处理土壤持水能力和收缩特征进行对比分析及评价。结果发现,在此浓度条件下:(1)K~+、Na~+及4种阴性盐离子在一定程度上均可提高土壤持水能力,且阴阳盐离子中CO_3~(2-)和K~+效果最显著,分别较CK提高35.81%和3.68%;(2)Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)和CO_3~(2-)有利于减小土体轴向收缩度,且阴阳盐离子的作用效果分别表现为HCO_3~-Cl~-SO_4~(2-)CO_3~(2-)和Na~+K~+Ca~(2+)Mg~(2+);(3)Na~+、Mg~(2+)及4种阴性盐离子在一定程度上均有利于减轻土壤开裂程度,可同时减小土壤裂隙总长度、总面积以及长度密度和面积密度,且阴阳盐离子中CO_3~(2-)和Na~+效果最显著。研究可为不同类型盐碱土壤持水能力评价及其干缩开裂机理认知提供理论指导。     

浙江安吉县竹产业发展趋势及原因分析——基于2010—2015年人力资源招聘信息的实证分析

为了揭示安吉县竹产业发展趋势,进一步分析其原因,本文选取了安吉县2010-2015年春、秋季共10次招聘会的招聘数据信息,对安吉县竹产业发展趋势进行了分析。结果显示:近年来安吉县竹产业招聘企业和岗位数量及其比例均不断下降,反映了安吉竹产业正处于逐步下行的趋势,其在国民经济中的相对地位也在不断下降。分析其原因主要是:竹产品市场份额减少,产品相对过剩;中西部竹产业发展带来冲击;在竹资源培育方面投入劳动力不足,在加工方面机械化程度低;竹产业自身转型急需升级等,并就此提出了对策建议。     

胚乳裂纹对玉米种子活力指标的影响

以玉米杂交种种子为试验材料,研究胚乳无裂纹、胚乳单裂纹、胚乳双裂纹和胚乳龟裂纹种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数变化。结果表明,24 h内的吸水率表现为龟裂纹种子的吸水率最高,无裂纹种子的吸水率最低。随着胚乳裂纹数的增加其种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均呈降低的变化趋势。胚乳无裂纹的种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数显著高于胚乳龟裂纹的种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数。种子胚乳无裂纹的幼苗干重显著高于胚乳龟裂纹的幼苗干重。胚乳龟裂纹是导致种子活力降低的原因之一,在种子生产中应该减少胚乳龟裂纹产生。     

马尾松人工林木材主要材性家系间的变异

对25个家系马尾松人工林木材主要物理力学性能进行测定和比较分析。结果表明,马尾松人工林木材气干密度由大到小居前五位的家系依次为378、329、317、341、335,顺纹抗压强度值由大到小居前5位的家系依次是335、350、372、325、329;家系341和350马尾松人工林木材体积干缩系数和差异干缩均较小,尺寸性稳定均较好。方差分析表明,家系对马尾松人工林木材主要物理力学性能影响显著。多重比较分析表明,马尾松人工林木材气干密度、体积干缩系数、差异干缩以及顺纹抗压强度各家系间大都表现为差异显著或极显著。家系335、341、350、378可作为马尾松人工林木材品质选育的优良材料。     

预热处理对改善尾巨桉木材干缩性和材色的研究

为探讨预热处理对尾巨桉木材干缩性和材色的影响,分别在100℃饱和蒸汽和120℃过热蒸汽条件下对尾巨桉木材进行预热处理。对预热处理前后的尾巨桉木材进行干缩率及色度指数的测定,应用扫描电镜对预热处理后尾巨桉木材的微观构造进行分析。结果表明:1）100℃饱和蒸汽可以使尾巨桉的干缩性降低,材色无明显变化;120℃过热蒸汽处理使尾巨桉在干燥过程中出现较多缺陷,如皱缩、内裂等,但可以有效促使桉木颜色向珍贵树种颜色转变。2）经120℃过热蒸汽处理,尾巨桉木材导管中纹孔的内含物被部分排出,细胞被压扁,宏观尺寸发生变形,是导致尾巨桉出现干燥缺陷的主要原因。