Microcracking and Chloride Penetration of Concrete under Uniaxial Compression

A non-destructive method of evaluation of specific crack area was used to characterise microcracking in concrete prisms during uniaxial compression loading and unloading. Chloride profiles were also measured after the same concretes were exposed to chloride environment. The relation among microcracking, stress-strength ratio and chloride penetration of concrete were analysed based on the experimental results. Under compressive load, the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient decreases until about one third of the ultimate load. Further increase of compressive load improves the chloride diffusion coefficient again. There is a close link between microcracking and stress-strength ratio. The index of specific crack area can be used to indicate the microcracking and study chloride transport behaviour into concrete under the influence of microcracking.     

Influence of Transverse Flexural Crack on Chloride Penetration in Concrete

The mechanism for chloride penetration in cracked concrete and its major impact factors were analyzed. As a result, a revised chloride diffusion model based on Fick's Law was built by dual porous medium model. Then several cracked reinforced concrete beams self-anchored with sustained flexural loads were immersed in the 5% NaCl solution with the condition of dry-wet cycles. After 15 times of dry-wet cycles, the rapid chloride testing (RCT) was used for the determination of chloride ion content of the powder at each cracked sections. The test results show that: 1) with the condition of dry-wet cycles, the chloride content will occur a peak in the surface 20mm concrete, so the depth for surface convection zone can be assumed to be 15~20 mm; 2) when the crack width is less than 0.3mm, the equivalent chloride diffusion coefficient increases steadily, which agrees well with model's prediction; when the crack width is larger than 0.3mm, the equivalent chloride diffusion coefficient augments rapidly and influence of convection on chloride penetration becomes more significant; 3) the deterioration factor for equivalent chloride diffusion coefficient in flexural cracked concrete is directly correlative with crack width, which can be expressed by second order power function or separate function.     

Experiment analysis on dissolution characteristics of rock salt on the effect of triaxial stress

Rock salt underground storage is an important way of energy reserves. The research of rock salt dissolution characteristics under triaxial stress provides theoretical basis for shape control,security building of rock salt underground storage in the process of making aqueous cavity. The dissolution characteristics of rock salt specimens experiment with triaxial testing machine under triaxial stress,through a lot of rock salt dissolution tests,finds that dissolution characteristics of rock salt change remarkably under stress. Analyzing the relationship between the stress of rock salt specimen with the water hole and sample external axial compression or confining pressure,equivalent stress is adopted to describe the stress distribution of the running water hole wall. Triaxial stress and dissolution coupling experiment on the different confining pressure is carried out to analysis the variation between rock salt dissolution rate and equivalent stress under different confining pressures. The results show that rock salt dissolution rate decreases first and then rapid increases with the increase of equivalent stress. The main impact of the stress for rock salt dissolution rate is that cracks development and corrosion area in rock salt specimen are changed because of the triaxial stress loading. Dissolution rate reduces as a result of corrosion area decreasing (crack closure) in the elastic stage,however dissolution rate increases because of corrosion area increasing (crack development) in the plastic stage.     

Characterization of viscoelastic,shrinkage and transverse anatomy properties of four Australian hardwood species

Abstract

Several key wood properties of four Australian hardwood species: Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus pilularis, Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus obliqua, were characterized using state-of-the-art equipment at AgroParisTech, ENGREF, France. The wood properties were measured for input into microscopic (cellular level) and macroscopic (board level) vacuum-drying models currently under development. Morphological characterization was completed using a combination of environmental scanning electron microscopy and image analysis software. A clear difference in fibre porosity, size, wall thickness and orientation was evident between species. Viscoelastic properties were measured in the tangential and radial directions using dynamic mechanical analysis instrumentation. The glass transition temperature was markedly different for each species owing to anatomical and chemical variations. The radial direction showed higher stiffness, internal friction and glass transition temperature than the tangential direction. A highly sensitive microbalance and laser technology were used to measure loss of moisture content in conjunction with directional shrinkage on microsamples. Collapse shrinkage was clearly evident with this method for E. obliqua, but not with other species, consistent with industrial seasoning experience. To characterize the wood–water relations of E. obliqua, free of collapse, thinner sample sections (in the radial–tangential plane) are recommended.     

Variation in selected solid wood properties of young Pinus patula from diverse sites in the Mpumalanga escarpment area in South Africa

Regression analyses identified ‘Growth Days’ (an index expressing site moisture availability) as the only site variable contributing significantly to the prediction to wood density (R² = 0.57), whereas the model predicting grain angle included only ‘Altitude’ (R² = 0.60). These results surfaced during an investigative study to quantify various sources of variation in wood properties and to quantify the effect of a number of site factors on wood properties of Pinus patula grown in the Mpumalanga escarpment area of South Africa. For this purpose, 10 trees were sampled from each of 17 diverse sites for wood property analyses. The effects of site, distance from the pith and differences between trees within site on wood density, transverse shrinkage, grain angle and dynamic modulus of elasticity were investigated. The site factors considered included a wide variety of soil and climatic factors. The effect of radial distance from the pith and differences between individual trees within sites were highly significant, accounting for most of the variation in wood properties. Although the effects of a number of site factors were statistically significant, they generally explained relatively small but important variation in wood properties among sites. The study not only quantified the effects of important sources of variation on a few key wood properties, but it also revealed that the extent of differences between sites can be explained in terms of some specific site factors. It is envisaged that the results will contribute significantly towards the refinement of current forest site classification systems for improved decision-making with respect to wood quality in intensively managed plantation systems.     

河套灌区渠道衬砌混凝土的纳米颗粒改性研究

为了改善河套灌区大量渠道衬砌工程中混凝土的干缩变形性能,采用纳米二氧化硅(NS)和纳米碳化硅(NC)掺入粉煤灰水泥砂浆制备混凝土试样,并对其作用机理进行理论分析。结果表明,纳米颗粒在提高粉煤灰混凝土抗压和抗弯强度得同时也改善了干缩性能;与普通水泥砂浆相比,单掺2%NS和单掺2%NC的水泥砂浆干燥收缩率分别提高了约90%和120%;改性干缩率在早期增加明显,单掺与双掺对混凝土的干缩率影响差异不大;纳米颗粒的表面效应和微观骨料填充效应,增大了骨料得表面能且填充了内部孔隙,是干缩性能有明显提高的原因。研究结果对设计高强度和高干缩性的衬砌混凝土,提高河套灌区渠道使用寿命具有一定指导意义。     

两裂纹相互作用对管道应力强度因子的影响

针对油气输送管道内表面两裂纹相互影响的情况,运用有限元方法,模拟分析了X80钢制管道内三维表面裂纹尺寸、裂纹间距对裂纹应力强度因子的影响规律。研究结果表明:两裂纹(分别为固定裂纹与可变裂纹)的间距越大,两裂纹相互作用越小,当间距达到或超过一定值时,对应力强度因子几乎不产生影响,仅需考虑主要裂纹对管道寿命的影响;可变裂纹的相对壁厚比越小或形状比越大,两裂纹相互作用越小,当相对壁厚比小于0.2或形状比大于0.8时,可以忽略其对应力强度因子的影响,且形状比对最大应力的影响远远小于壁厚比与裂纹间距对最大应力的影响。     

热泵干燥北极虾的物理和感观特性研究

对分别在(-2～0)℃和20℃两种温度下热泵干燥北极虾(整虾、去头北极虾、去壳北极虾)的物理和感官特性进行了研究.结果显示,当热泵干燥温度由(-2～0)℃增加到20℃时,干燥虾的收缩率和所需的剪切力增大.干燥温度对干燥虾的色泽影响不显著.所有热泵干燥虾均具有高的复水能力和水分保持能力(WHC).研究结果还显示,虾的处理状态(有壳或无壳、有头或无头、解冻处理)对其物理和感官特性有着显著影响.解冻处理不利于虾色泽的保持并使之收缩增加.在所有的干燥虾样品中,在20℃下干燥的冷冻去头虾(B-2)具有最好的综合表现.与热风干燥相比,利用热泵干燥虾可获得高质量干燥产品.     

迪北地区致密砂岩气藏测井评价新技术

迪北地区侏罗系阿合组属于致密裂缝性砂岩储层,沉积相类型以辫状三角洲平原为主,岩性复杂,粒度变化大,岩石骨架受多种矿物影响。利用元素俘获测井(ECS),结合常规测井资料分析岩性对储层有效性的影响,为评价储层孔隙度提供准确的骨架参数。同时,裂缝是改善该区储层渗透性的重要因素,裂缝的发育程度决定了储层的渗流能力,引入EARTH IMAGER新型油基钻井液成像测井仪,并利用岩心标定成像,有效解决了裂缝的识别问题。     

Recent Research and Application ofSuper High Strength High Performance Concrete

Based on author's many experimental results, giving four items of key technique for preparing super high strength high performance concrete (SHPC); summarizing main benefits of SHPC; introducing briefly the current situation of application of SHPC;the problems of pumpability, brittleness and volume stability of SHPC are analyzed and discussed.