基于勒洛多边形原理的播种机机械式离合装置研究

针对播种机传统机械式离合装置动力切换行程长、接合瞬间冲击载荷大等问题,基于勒洛多边形原理设计了一种机械式离合装置.通过理论分析对该离合装置关键结构进行设计,利用虚拟仿真技术对离合装置动力接合瞬间的冲击载荷与动力切换响应速度进行模拟分析,应用三因素三水平正交试验方法,以播种单体为试验实施载体,以轴向倾角、齿轮半径比和作业...     

小区育种播种装备与技术研究现状与展望

小区育种播种机是培育新品种、繁殖良种和对比品种等田间试验所用的专用播种机.本文简述了我国小区育种业发展现状与小区育种机械化发展水平,综述了小区育种播种技术及装备的研发历程,从小区育种的播种特点出发,结合不同作物品种和不同播种农艺要求,阐述现有条播、精播模式下小区育种的播种核心技术和工作原理,归纳了小区育种条播排种和精密...     

气吸式玉米精量排种器双侧清种装置设计与试验

为解决气吸式玉米精量排种器清种装置设计不合理而造成漏清、过清,导致排种性能下降的问题,提出采用双侧清种装置进行清种作业的方法,并设计了双侧清种装置。对该装置清种过程进行分析,明确了造成重吸的原因,阐明了清种过程的运动机理,建立了清种过程数学模型,确定了上下侧清种机构关键参数的设计方法。选取第1级清种弧线顶部半径、第2级清种弧线顶部半径和工作转速为主要因素进行了全因素试验,对试验结果进行显著性分析,建立了因素与指标的回归方程,以漏清率和过清率最小为寻优条件,获得较优清种强度下的最佳参数组合为：第1级清种弧线顶部半径80.70mm、第2级清种弧线顶部半径81.42mm,并在最佳参数组合下进行了验证试验。试验表明,在较优清种强度参数组合下,当工作转速为26.67~37.33r/min时,漏清率均不大于1.10%,过清率均不大于1.03%,与理论优化结果基本一致。对比试验表明,工作转速为26.67r/min时,采用双侧清种装置漏清率降低6.70个百分点,过清率基本不变,排种器合格率提高7.04个百分点;工作转速为32.00r/min时,采用双侧清种装置漏清率降低4.63个百分点,过清率基本不变,排种器合格率提高5.07个百分点;工作转速为37.33r/min时,采用双侧清种装置漏清率降低7.41个百分点,过清率降低0.24个百分点,排种器合格率提高7.26个百分点。采用双侧清种装置有效降低了漏清率,在高速情况下对过清率也有所改善。     

预切种式木薯排种机构设计与试验

针对当前预切种式木薯播种器存在充种效果差、合格指数低的问题，该研究设计了一种由落种滑板、主动辊筒、型孔摩擦带、支撑辊组、从动辊筒及储种箱等组成的预切种式木薯型孔摩擦带式精密排种机构。阐述了排种机构的基本结构和工作原理。对关键部件参数进行设计，通过理论分析确定影响排种机构充种性能的主要因素为型孔摩擦带型孔形状、型孔数量、型孔摩擦带安装倾角、型孔摩擦带速度以及种茎层厚度。基于离散元法（discrete element method,DEM）建立种茎群-型孔摩擦带仿真模型，通过单因素仿真分析各因素对充种性能及种茎群规律的影响。以充种合格指数和漏充指数为评价指标，通过二次回归正交旋转组合仿真分析确定最优参数，利用Design-Expert数据软件，建立各试验因素与评价指标的数学回归模型，并进行参数优化。结果表明，影响充种合格指数和漏充指数的因素主次顺序为型孔摩擦带速度、型孔摩擦带安装倾角和种茎层厚度，圆整后的最优参数为型孔摩擦带速度0.6 m/s、型孔摩擦带安装倾角45°，种茎层厚度250 mm，此时的模型预测充种合格指数为94.63%，漏充指数为3.42%，重充指数为1.95%。在最优参数下...     

大蒜播种时鳞芽朝向对大蒜生长发育影响的试验研究(简报)

为了研究大蒜播种时鳞芽朝向对大蒜生长发育的影响,为研究大蒜播种机械提供参考依据,该文以徐州白蒜为供试品种,将鳞芽分为朝上、朝下和随机3种情况种植,观察大蒜生长发育情况.试验结果表明:播种时鳞芽朝下、朝上和随机时,大蒜均能顺利生长.但是,鳞芽朝下和随机时,发芽叶出土缓慢而且细弱,出苗期加长,出苗不整齐.在幼苗期,幼叶长大缓慢,露出土面较晚.大蒜植株较矮,叶面积小.蒜头重量轻,横径小.大蒜地下部分生长姿态与播种时鳞芽的姿态一致.鳞芽朝向随机和朝下时,蒜头在地下生长姿态呈倒立或平躺状.     

Can placement of seed away from relic stubble limit Rhizoctonia root rot in direct-seeded wheat?

Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat can be a problem in no-till systems, especially during the transition from conventional tillage. There are no effective chemical controls or resistant varieties, leaving only cultural methods to manage this disease. In a no-till system, residue and inoculum of soilborne pathogens are not moved by cultivation, therefore the inoculum may be concentrated in the seeding row of the previous year. Using GPS tracking systems with sub-meter accuracy, the seeding row could be placed away from the row of the previous year. We tested the hypothesis that seeding away from the relic row may reduce Rhizoctonia root rot. In two field experiments, plants were sampled at three distances from the seed row, as well as from fumigated plots. Intact soil cores were also removed from the field, planted with seeds at various distances from the previous row, and grown in the greenhouse under controlled conditions. Pasteurized cores served as controls. Disease levels were higher in the field in the second year, but there was no consistent effect of seed row placement on disease or plant parameters. However, soil fumigation and pasteurization had significant effects, indicating that soilborne pathogens were active. Inoculum of Rhizoctonia is not produced in the crowns and lower stems of the plant, but the pathogen survives in living and dead roots of the previous year crop, volunteers, and grassy weeds. Thus, high inoculum densities may be present in between the relic rows, as well as within the rows. If this is the situation with Rhizoctonia, precision placement of seed rows would not be efficacious.     

不同生育期温光条件对直播稻产量的影响

在江苏苏南太湖稻区的常熟市(N 31.4°)、苏中里下河稻区的姜堰市((N 32.3°)及苏北淮北稻区的东海县(N 34.5°),分别以不同类型粳稻品种为材料,通过分期播种试验,比较研究不同生育期温光条件对江苏上述不同生态区直播稻产量的影响。结果表明,在本研究设置的播期范围内,随着播期的推迟,各生态区不同熟期类型品种水稻的产量均呈极显著下降趋势,但变化程度略有不同,表现为晚熟品种大于早熟品种,过迟播种导致各生态区部分类型品种不能安全成熟。产量构成因素随播期的推迟按变化程度的大小分为两类,变化较小的一类为千粒重和穗数,变化较大的一类为结实率和每穗颖花数,后者是导致产量极显著下降的主要原因。总颖花量、结实率和产量与抽穗前以及全生育期的积温和光照时数呈显著或极显著相关,各生育期温光条件对千粒重的影响不显著。     

Seeding and mulching + seeding effects on post‐fire runoff,soil erosion and species diversity in Galicia (NW Spain)

The effects of two different soil rehabilitation treatments on runoff, infiltration, erosion and species diversity were evaluated in a shrubland area in Galicia (NW Spain) after an experimental fire by means of rainfall simulations. The treatments compared were: seeding, seeding + mulching and control (untreated). Rainfall simulations were conducted 9 months after fire and the application of soil rehabilitation treatments. A rainfall rate of 67 mm h⁻¹ was applied for 30 min to each runoff plot. Seeding significantly increased plant species richness in the treated plots relative to the control plots, although it had no effect on diversity or evenness. Rehabilitation treatments did not significantly increase soil cover or affect runoff and infiltration. Soil losses were low in all cases, varying from 75·6 kg ha⁻¹ in the seeded + mulched plots to 212·1 kg ha⁻¹ in the untreated plots. However, there were no significant differences in sediment yields between treatments. The percentage of bare soil appeared to be a critical variable in controlling runoff and erosion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

气吸式玉米播种机排种监测系统研究

为了对播种机的工作状况进行实时监测,对播种过程中出现的种箱排空和导种管堵塞情况及时报警,设计了一种对播种机作业中的各项参数实时监测系统。系统以嵌入式微处理器和红外光电传感器为主要部件,通过无线通信的方式与上位机进行数据的传输,对播种作业中出现的种箱排空和导种管堵塞及时进行声光报警,并通过上位机软件对所需的参数实时显示。试验结果表明:该系统工作稳定,对故障的报警准确率较高,有效提高了播种质量。     

轮盘式液态肥穴播深施机设计与试验研究

液态肥穴播深施是利用高压液柱冲击土壤,通过精确控制流体喷射进行肥料定向深施的一种农机农艺新方法。为此,设计并研制了一种轮盘式液态肥穴播深施机,并通过土槽试验研究了液态肥穴播深施的可行性、成穴的基本规律及合适的工作参数范围。设计的开穴施肥轮上分布着多个导流开穴器,当导流开穴器插入土壤后,端面凸轮控制其开启,经过增压的高压液态肥沿导流开穴器射入土壤,解决了液态肥施肥过程中作业速度低、喷肥孔易堵塞及施肥量调节复杂等问题。研制了施肥机工作参数的试验测试系统,通过正交试验确定了其工作压力、流量和转速的最佳参数。试验表明:当压力取0.3MPa、节流阀开度为50%、转速为30r/min(对应机具速度0.86m/s)时,施肥量可满足设计要求。田间试验表明:轮盘式液态肥穴播深施机对覆膜、秸秆覆盖地、免耕地等作业环境有很强的适应性,比普通喷洒施肥节约肥料42%、提高作业效率30%以上。本研究为液态肥的深施肥作业机具研究和田间追肥农艺改进提供了参考。