水土保持边坡固化植草技术研究

通过建立4种形式的边坡植草护坡处理试验小区,并对每种处理各设2组重复试验小区,对边坡防护效果及草籽出芽生长情况进行对比试验。研究结果表明,结合土壤固化剂和撒播草籽进行边坡表土处理后,草籽能够正常萌芽及生长,而且边坡表土层的抗冲刷能力明显增强,坡面侵蚀细沟显著减少。实践证明,边坡固化植草是一种行之有效的护坡绿化技术方法。     

摩擦复充种型孔带式水稻精量排种器充种性能分析与验证

为解决杂交稻工厂化穴盘育秧低播量精密播种问题,提出了一种摩擦复充种型孔带式水稻精量排种器,对种子充填过程进行了力学和运动学分析,确定影响试验指标的影响因素分别为型孔方向角、型孔带速度、型孔带倾角和种层厚度。通过EDEM离散元软件仿真分析了种子多次循环重复充种过程和充种效果,并分别分析了型孔带速度、型孔带倾角、种层厚度对充种性能的影响规律。基于仿真分析结果进行了较优组合验证试验,结果表明:在型孔方向角为90°,型孔带倾角为43°,型孔带转速为0.11 m/s,种层厚度为50 mm时充种合格率为96.4%,多粒率为1.4%,漏充率为2.2%,种子破碎率为0.18%,效果较优。摩擦复充种型孔带式水稻精量排种器能够满足杂交稻低播量精密播种的农艺要求,研究结果为工厂化穴盘育秧精量播种机的设计提供参考。     

入射角度对气力射播小麦种粒入土参数影响的试验研究

针对稻麦轮作区黏湿土壤条件下的小麦机械化播种,为避免传统接触式小麦播种技术存在的粘附堵塞严重和作业阻力、功耗大等问题,该文采用非接触式小麦气力射播技术理论,通过自制的小麦气力射播试验台,开展整洁种床土壤条件下入射角度对气力射播小麦种粒入土参数影响的试验研究。试验结果表明:随着入射角度的增加,相同加速气压下小麦种粒的射播速度垂直分量和射播深度不断增加,小麦种粒触土后产生水平滑移和弹跳的几率变小,且各入射角度下射播深度与射播速度呈正相关关系,不同入射角度下小麦种粒呈现出不同射播深度和土壤冲击效果,小麦种粒未产生损坏情况;当入射角度≥45°和射播速度垂直分量≥25 m/s时,小麦种粒可被完全射播入土壤中且出苗率大于86%,90°入射角度下的射播效果最好。同时,为实现田间作业时小麦种粒的垂直射播入土,应使射播速度水平分量与机具作业速度相等且射播速度垂直分量≥25m/s。试验结果可为非接触式小麦射播装备的研制提供基础数据和技术支撑。     

一种播补一体化新型马铃薯播种机的设计与试验

现有马铃薯漏播补偿方案普遍需附加补偿种箱及单独设置补偿排种通道,导致系统结构复杂、补偿种薯落点偏差较大。为此,本研究提出了基于单向离合器的播补一体化马铃薯播种机新方案。该方案排种链轮正常播种使用地轮动力,而补偿状态在单向离合器协调下转移至补偿专用电动机,补偿完成后则继续恢复至地轮。基于此,在计算所需时间内,采用后一取种勺上的种薯直接追赶前一缺种位置的追赶式补偿方案,可以使补偿种薯也在原排种通道中运动,独立的补偿种薯专用通道不再需要,从而使系统结构简化、可靠性提高。样机田间试验表明,所采用的红外辐射排种监测系统误判率不超过1‰,系统平均自然漏播率对排种速度不敏感,漏播补偿成功率随着排种链速度的增加而快速降低,但即使达到正常排种链速最高值0.8 m·s^-1,依然有平均74%以上的漏播能被成功补偿,系统平均最终漏播率不足平均自然漏播率的1/4,漏播补偿作用效果明显。     

3种除草剂对水稻旱直播阔叶杂草防效及安全性研究

为明确不同除草剂茎叶处理对旱直播水稻田旱生阔叶杂草防除及安全性的影响,采用随机区组试验设计,选用30% 2,4-滴丁酸钠盐AS、84%氯酯磺草胺WG、480 g/L灭草松AS 3种除草剂在水稻4叶期、5叶期施用,施药后每间隔7 d测定杂草株防效、鲜重防效和水稻目测药害,同步测定水稻生长指标和抗逆酶活性。结果表明:30% 2,4-滴丁酸钠盐AS 900.0 g/hm2在水稻4叶期的杂草防效最佳,第28天杂草株防效及鲜重防效仍可达93.55%和96.42%,且对大龄鸭跖草防效显著,施药后水稻生长与人工除草相比无显著差异。叶片SOD、POD活性和MDA含量均先升后降,至施药后28 d恢复正常。30% 2,4-滴丁酸钠盐AS 900.0 g/hm2可高效防除阔叶杂草,该药剂在水稻4叶期和5叶期施用对旱直播水稻安全。     

Effect of Seeding Rate on Seed and Hay Yield in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.)

The effects of six seeding rates (50-300 seeds m^−2:) on some morphological traits with hay and seed yield were evaluated in common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) under fall and spring sowing conditions. The mutual correlations among yield and yield components were also determined.
The sowing seasons and seeding rates significantly affected hay and seed yield, and most of the yield components. Fall sowings resulted in significantly higher hay and seed yield than spring sowings at all seeding rates, and the highest seed and hay yield was achieved in densities of 250 and 300 seeds m⁻². In spring sowings there was a positive response in hay yield up to 250 seeds m⁻² while no further increase in seed yield at the seeding rates higher than 150 seeds m⁻². Average protein content of hay and seed was found to be higher in spring sown crops than fall. The highest protein yields of hay and seed were obtained at 250 seeds m⁻² in fall sowings, and 150 seeds m⁻² in spring sowings.
Most of the correlations between both hay and seed yields with the yield components were not consistent and differed with the sowing time. Only the correlations between number of the plants per unit area with hay yield, and number of the pods and seeds per unit area with seed yield were statistically significant in both sowing seasons. Close positive associations were obtained between hay and seed yield.     

The Influence of Row Spacing and Seeding Rate on Seed Yield and Yield Components of Forage Turnip (Brassica rapa L.)

The effects of four row spacings (17.5, 35.0, 52.5 and 70.0 cm) and five seeding rates (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 viable seeds m^?2) on seed yield and some yield components of forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.) were evaluated under rainfed conditions in Bursa, Turkey in the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 growing seasons. Plant height, stem diameter, pods/terminal raceme, total pods/plant, seeds/pod and primary branches/plant were measured individually. The number of plants per unit area was counted and the lodging rate of the plots was scored. The seed yield and 1000‐seed weight were also determined. Row spacing and seeding rate significantly affected most yield components measured. The number of plants per unit area increased with increasing seeding rate and decreasing row spacing. Plant height was not greatly influenced by row spacing and seeding rate, but higher seeding rates reduced the number of primary branches and the stem diameter. The number of pods/main stem was affected by row spacing and but not by the seeding rate. Also, the number of seeds per pod was not affected by either the row spacing or the seeding rate. In contrast, the number of pods per plant clearly increased with increasing row spacing, but decreased with increasing seeding rate. The plots seeded at narrow row spacings and at high seeding rates were more sensitive to lodging. Seeding rate had no significant effect on seed yield in both years. Seed yield was similar at all seeding rates, averaging 1151 kg ha^?1. However, row spacing was associated with seed yield. The highest seed yield (1409 kg ha^?1) was obtained for the 35.0‐cm row spacing and 200 seeds m^?2 seeding rate combination without serious lodging problems.     

滑动平均法在泗优9083制种中的应用

通过对泗优９０８３的母本泗稻８号Ａ与父本Ｃ９０８３的分期播种，用滑动平均的方法制成父母本的生育期用表，可供制种应用。     

Seedbed Characteristics and Seeding Depth Effects on Emergence and Seedling Vigour of Upland Rice

Effects of seedbed condition and seeding depth on the emergence and seedling vigour of upland rice was studied. Regardless of aggregate size distribution, seeds sown at 2 cm depth gave the maximum emergence rate (80-90 %) which was reduced to 47 % for sowing at 5 cm depth. Seeding at 10 cm depth caused total failure in emergence. When planted at 2 cm depth, aggregate size produced considerable variation in the speed of emergence but caused no significant differences in final emergence count. For seeds sown at 5 cm depth, seedbed with aggregate size < 2 mm resulted in poor emergence (12 %) while with aggregates > 8 mm reduced emergence by 34 % compared with balanced proportion of larger, moderate and smaller aggregates. Neither the seedbed condition nor seeding depth caused significant variation in seedling height or seedling dry weight.