A rapid extensigraph protocol for measuring dough viscoelasticity and mixing requirement

The extensigraph is particularly useful in characterizing dough viscoelastic properties; however, testing throughput for standard method is low due to the prerequisite for farinograph water absorption, long dough resting and milling to prepare large amounts of flour. Therefore, a rapid extensigraph method was developed that reduced sample size (165 g wheat) for milling and more than tripled throughput. Wheat is milled in Quadrumat Junior mill with a modified sieving system. The resulting flour (100 g) was mixed with a pin mixer at constant water absorption to allow the evaluation of wheat genotypes at the absorption level they are expected to perform. Dough was subsequently stretched by an extensigraph after 15 min of floor time and 30 min resting. Strong correlations for extensigram R_max (r > 0.93), extensibility (r > 0.64) and area (r > 0.88) were found for the proposed method compared to the standard method. Mixing parameters (time and energy) obtained during dough preparation provided further information about dough strength and mixing requirement. By significantly reducing sample size requirement and increasing testing throughput, this rapid extensigraph method can be widely adopted in milling and baking industry and meets the need for a fast evaluation of dough strength in breeding trials.     

Combined mutations in five wheat STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II genes improve resistant starch but affect grain yield and bread-making quality

Increases in the proportion of amylose in the starch of wheat grains result in higher levels of resistant starch, a fermentable dietary fiber associated with human health benefits. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of combined mutations in five STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II (SBEII) genes on starch composition, grain yield and bread-making quality in two hexaploid wheat varieties. Significantly higher amylose (∼60%) and resistant starch content (10-fold) was detected in the SBEII mutants than in the wild-type controls. Mutant lines showed a significant decrease in total starch (6%), kernel weight (3%) and total grain yield (6%). Effects of the mutations in bread-making quality included increases in grain hardness, starch damage, water absorption and flour protein content; and reductions in flour extraction, farinograph development and stability times, starch viscosity, and loaf volume. Several traits showed significant interactions between genotypes, varieties, and environments, suggesting that some of the negative impacts of the combined SBEII mutations can be ameliorated by adequate selection of genetic background and growing location. The deployment of wheat varieties with increased resistant starch will likely require economic incentives to compensate growers and millers for the significant reductions detected in grain and flour yields.     

考虑渗流和地震时的砂土边坡稳定性计算

基于极限平衡理论,以砂土边坡为研究对象,推导了渗流和地震存在时拟静力法和拟动力法边坡安全系数的计算表达式。通过程序求解,与已有算例对比表明,计算结果基本一致,验证了2种方法解析式的合理性。参数分析表明,水位越高,边坡失稳越严重,水力梯度与安全系数基本为线性关系。渗流方向向下时,稳定性随水力梯度的增加而增大;渗流方向向上时,变化规律相反。水平地震加速度系数对稳定性的影响剧烈,竖向地震加速度系数对稳定性影响较小,简化计算可以忽略不计。最终得出拟静力法的解析式,简单、实用,而拟动力法则可以更为全面地考察砂土边坡稳定性随时间变化的特点。     

基于Fuzzy-Smith控制器的营养液pH值调控系统研究

pH值的控制是水肥一体化营养液循环控制系统的重要环节,水肥控制过程中pH值在最优控制范围内有利于根系的发育以及多数矿物质的吸收。营养液调控过程中,由于循环管路以及酸液的缓慢扩散,使得pH值调节过程存在很大的时滞,传统PID难以取得良好效果。本研究根据被控对象特点,建立了描述该过程的数学模型,设计开发了一套具有二次混肥特性的以MSP430单片机为主控的营养液pH值控制系统。由于参数自整定模糊PID不需要精确数学模型以及Smith预估可对纯滞后进行补偿的特点,开发的系统将参数自整定模糊PID控制引入Smith预估当中,既缓解了滞后时间对控制系统的影响,又对模型的不精确性进行了补偿。为了验证该算法以及系统的有效性和优越性,分别对PID、Fuzzy-Smith控制算法进行仿真测试,同时在不同灌溉量下进行性能试验。试验结果表明,在不同灌溉量下Fuzzy-Smith控制算法pH值的平均最大超调量为0.83%,营养液pH值从8.0调节为6.0的平均时间为157s,优于常规PID控制的2.55%和189s。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北缘防护林内外沙尘暴低空结构特征

基于内蒙古磴口荒漠生态系统国家定位观测研究站近地层(050m)风沙监测塔所收集的8次沙尘暴的沙尘水平通量、垂直通量和风速风向数据,对乌兰布和沙漠东北缘中小尺度条件下的防护林内外沙尘暴过程中风况变化、沙尘分布特征以及防护林对沙尘暴的影响进行研究。结果表明:①沙尘暴发生过程中,防护林内外风速均随高度增加呈现递增趋势,风速廓线特征遵循幂函数,防护林内外均以W、WNW、NE方向为主,但每个方向所占比例不同。②防护林外沙尘水平通量及沙尘浓度随高度增高显著减小,其垂直分布特征均符合指数函数关系;防护林内沙尘水平通量及沙尘浓度则随着高度增高缓慢上升,其垂直分布特征均符合幂函数关系。沙尘垂直通量则均随着高度的增高明显减小,其垂直分布特征均符合幂函数关系。③沙尘暴经过防护林体系时,风速显著削弱,平均消减31.03%;沙尘水平通量降低298.16g·m^-2,垂直通量降低0.37g·m^-2,沙尘浓度降低22.48g·m^-2。     

卵磷脂桶混助剂的特性及其在防治稻飞虱中对氟啶虫胺腈的协同增效作用

为明确新型卵磷脂类桶混助剂“融透”的特性,采用透射电镜和激光粒度分析仪表征了其物理性质,并通过室内生物测定和田间药效试验测定了其在防治稻飞虱中对氟啶虫胺腈的协同增效作用。结果表明,“融透”中含有圆形脂质体,Z平均粒径为129.5 nm。室内生物测定结果表明,“融透”可使氟啶虫胺腈对褐飞虱的毒力增加1.67倍。田间药效试验表明,“融透”可使氟啶虫胺腈对稻飞虱的防效提高9.04%~41.77%;当氟啶虫胺腈减量40%时,添加“融透”的处理对稻飞虱的防效与未添加“融透”的常量组相当。研究结果表明,卵磷脂桶混助剂“融透”可以通过形成脂质体提高药剂的利用率,从而达到增效的作用。     

Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a fixed dune at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is critical for vegetation growth in deserts. However, detailed dataregarding the soil moisture distribution in space and time in the Gurbantunggut Desert have not yet been reported. In this study, we conducted a series ofinsitu observation experiments in a fixed sand dune at the southern edge of the GurbantunggutDesert from February 2014 to October 2016, to explore the spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture content, investigate the impact of Haloxylonammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bungeon soil moisture content in its root zone, and examine the factors influencing the soil moisture spatial pattern. One-way analysis of variance,least significant difference testsand correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the soil moisture content exhibited annual periodicity and the temporal variation of soil moisture content throughout a year could be divided into three periods, namely, a moisture-gaining period, a moisture-losing period and a moisture-stable period.According to the temporal and spatial variability, the 0-400 cm soil profile could be divided into two layers: an active layer with moderate variability and a stable layer with weak variability.The temporal variability was larger than the spatial variability in the active layer,and the mean profile soil moisture content at different slope positions displayed the trend of decreasing with increasing relative heightand mainly followed the order of interdunearea>westand east slopes>slope top.The mean profile soil moisture content in the root zone of dead H. ammodendronindividuals was significantly higher than that in the root zones of adult and young individuals, while the soil moisture content in the root zone of adult individuals was slightly higher than that in the root zone of young individuals with no significant difference.The spatial pattern of soil moisture was attributable to the combined effects of snowfall, vegetation and soil texture, whereas the effects of rainfall and evaporation were not significant. The findings may offer a foundation for the management of sandy soil moisture and vegetation restoration in arid areas.     

生物柴油搅拌装置的设计

生物柴油制备器械很多,但制备过程中油料预混合及配套加热器械却很少。为了进一步完善现今这一领域的不足,设计了一种适用于生物柴油的油料搅拌装置。为此,阐述了该装置的主要结构、工作原理和主要技术参数,并以200r/min的转速为标准,运用gambit进行图形绘制和网格划分,采用fluent软件对该机内部流场进行仿真分析,验证了其转速的合理性。基于STC89C51单片机和DS18B20的温度传感技术,设计了一种温度控制装置,可在生物柴油制备过程中使油料更好地进行预混合和加热,从而提高了生物柴油的制备效率和质量,减少了操作时间。     

偏高岭土对高强机制砂混凝土性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、压汞法(MIP)、快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM)等手段,研究了偏高岭土(MK)掺量对高强机制砂混凝土抗压强度以及抗氯离子渗透性能的影响.研究发现: 掺入MK能够有效改善高强机制砂混凝土的力学性能和抗氯离子渗透性能:随MK掺量增加,抗压强度与抗氯离子渗透性能均呈先增大后减小的趋势,最佳MK掺量为8%,此时28 d抗压强度为98.5 MPa,较基准组增加13%,氯离子迁移系数为1.89×10^-12 m²/s,较基准组减小60%.微观结构试验表明适宜的偏高岭土掺量能够有效促进水泥水化;偏高岭土颗粒的晶核效应和微集料填充效应协同作用,使得机制砂混凝土的微观结构更加均匀密实,机制砂混凝土的多害孔、有害孔减少,少害孔增加,从而提高了机制砂混凝土抗压强度和抗氯离子渗透性能.     

高寒草原不同种草方式对流动沙丘植被恢复的影响

[目的]研究种草方式对流动沙丘植被恢复效果的影响,为高寒草原沙化土地治理提供技术支持.[方法]在甘肃省玛曲县流动沙丘,设置不同播种方式、不同草种和不同种草模式试验,分析不同种草方式对植被恢复的影响.[结果]撒播和条播对植被恢复无显著影响.总体上草种对植被恢复影响不大,流动沙丘植被恢复中只需种植垂穗披碱草(Elymus ...