鄂尔多斯高原雾冰藜在沙漠-河岸过渡带白刺沙堆上的空间分布特征

采用点格局和标记点格局的方法对雾冰藜Bassia dasyphylla在唐古特白刺Tangutorum nitraria沙堆上的分布情况进行了分析.结果显示:1)雾冰藜在沙堆不同方向分布不均匀,以西北方向分布最多,占整个沙堆的61.49%,其次是西南方向,占26.87%,最少的是东北方向,只有2.09%,反映了雾冰藜对固定、半固定风沙土有较好的适应性,对流动风沙土适应性较差;2)雾冰藜聚集生长的距离范围小于沙堆的平均直径5.54 m,而且在小于这个尺度范围内雾冰藜与白刺沙堆表现为正相关,说明二者之间有相互吸引的共存关系;3)不同沙堆之间的雾冰藜数量彼此之间没有影响;4)雾冰藜在小尺度范围内表现为聚集分布,说明其种子的扩散一般是集中在植物周围,而不同沙堆间种子的扩散,风起到了重要的传递作用.     

槲皮素对PEDV感染幼龄仔猪的生长性能、血液生化指标和肠道吸收与屏障功能的影响

【目的】 试验旨在探讨槲皮素在防治仔猪感染猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）中的作用。【方法】 选取18头体重相近、健康的7日龄仔猪（杜×长×大）,随机分为3组（对照组、PEDV组和PEDV+槲皮素组）,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪,试验期共11 d。经过3 d适应期后,于试验第4~10天给PEDV+槲皮素组仔猪口腔灌服10 mg/kg BW的槲皮素,其他组仔猪口腔灌服等体积的人工乳,于试验第8天给PEDV组与PEDV+槲皮素组仔猪口腔灌服1×10^4.5TCID₅₀的PEDV,对照组灌服等体积的PBS溶液。试验第11天早上空腹称重,全部仔猪灌服D-木糖（0.1 g/kg BW）,1 h后经前腔静脉采血,检测血液生化指标、血浆二胺氧化酶（DAO）活性和D-木糖含量;将所有仔猪屠宰取空肠黏膜,检测肠道屏障相关基因,包括肠绒毛蛋白（villin）,紧密连接蛋白-1（claudin-1）,闭合蛋白（occludin）和肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白（iFABP）的相对表达量。【结果】 与对照组相比,PEDV组仔猪平均日增重显著下降（P<0.05）,粪便评分显著升高（P<0.05）;血液中高密度脂蛋白含量显著降低（P<0.05）,肌酐和尿素氮的含量显著提高（P<0.05）;血浆中D-木糖含量显著降低（P<0.05）;空肠claudin-1、iFABP基因的相对表达量显著下调（P<0.05）。与PEDV组相比,PEDV+槲皮素组仔猪平均日增重和血浆D-木糖含量显著升高（P<0.05）;血液中肌酐和尿素氮的含量显著降低（P<0.05）;空肠claudin-1、villin和iFABP基因的相对表达量显著上调（P<0.05）。【结论】 10 mg/kg BW槲皮素可在一定程度上缓解PEDV感染导致的仔猪生长抑制和肾功能损伤,增强肠道吸收与屏障功能。     

科尔沁草甸生态系统净碳交换特征及其驱动因子

以2013年10月-2014年9月连续观测的CO₂通量数据为基础,分析了科尔沁草甸生态系统净碳交换量(NEE)的时间变化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明,NEE日变化季节差异明显,生长季变化幅度大,净CO₂日吸收速率7月>8月>9月>6月>5月;生长季内,NEE主要受控于叶面积指数和光合有效辐射。NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间的关系可用直角双曲线方程来描述,拟合得到的表观初始光能利用率α为0.0015 μmol CO₂/μmol PAR,最大光合速率P_max为0.65 μmol CO₂/(m²·s)。叶面积指数(LAI)对NEE的影响可由分段函数表示,当LAI>3.08时,表现为渐进饱和型,且LAI越大NEE对PAR的响应越明显;当高饱和水汽压差(VPD)在1.5~2.0 kPa时,光合作用开始降低,NEE明显受到VPD值的抑制;短暂强降雨(累计降雨量>40 mm/d)对昼间NEE有一定的抑制,而持续低强度降雨(降雨时长>15 h)对夜间NEE存在激发作用;夜间NEE随土壤温度呈指数增长,温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)为2.63。     

沙土地区渠道防渗衬砌技术

近几年来,渠道衬砌技术发展较快,类型较多,是节约用地,节省用水,方便管理,提高灌溉效益的有效途径。该文就沙土地区常用的几种渠道衬砌技术的设计,施工,质量控制以及配套建筑物等方面进行了总结,并提出了渠道防渗衬砌施工过程中的注意事项,对沙土地区应用和推广渠道衬砌技术具有直接的指导作用和一定的参考价值。     

深厚砂砾石地基墙幕结合防渗体系搭接长度优化研究

目前深厚砂砾石地基墙幕结合防渗体系普遍采用10m的经验搭接长度,针对搭接长度在设计中偏于保守的现状,结合新疆下坂地水利枢纽工程,采用了有限元数值模拟计算和归一化处理的方法,在防渗体系不同深度布置尺寸和搭接长度的情况下,建立有限元数值计算模型,对防渗墙的受力和位移进行研究分析,计算分析出新疆下坂地墙幕结合防渗体系优化搭接长度度值,并总结出墙幕优化搭接长随防渗墙修建深度的变化规律,为深厚砂砾石地基墙幕结合防渗体系的设计和施工提供一定的参考。     

调流墙对微灌用沉沙池水流流态的影响分析研究

微灌沉沙池是为了直接利用地表水资源作为微灌系统灌溉水源而提出的一种新型泥沙处理技术。泥沙在沉沙池中沉降效果的好坏,与池内水流流场分布直接有关。为使沉沙池内水流流场分布更利于泥沙的沉降,对传统沉沙池进行了改进,在沉沙池工作段首部加设调流墙来对入池水流进行调节,对其调节机理进行了分析研究,并通过室内模型试验验证其调节效果。对试验结果进行分析,表明经过调流墙调节后的水流流场分布更利于泥沙在沉沙池内的沉降,可为工程设计提供参考。     

微灌砂过滤器石英砂滤料颗粒粗糙度参数测算与分析

微灌砂过滤器砂滤料颗粒的表面粗糙度直接影响到砂滤层水头损失和对水中杂质的滞纳能力,从而影响到滤层过滤效果。为了对砂滤料颗粒表面粗糙度进行定量分析,以粒径范围为1.0~1.18、1.18~1.4和1.4~1.7 mm的3种滤料的砂滤料颗粒为研究对象,每种滤料选取15粒石英砂作为样本,以砂滤料颗粒表面形貌的均方根偏差、表面高度分布的偏斜度和表面高度分布的峭度表征颗粒表面粗糙度,采用三维表面形貌仪对粗糙度参数进行测量,采用统计分析方法对粗糙度参数进行分析。结果表明,3种滤料砂滤料颗粒表面波峰波谷的波动幅度分别占滤料当量粒径的15.6%、14.6%和13.1%,说明微灌砂过滤器砂滤料颗粒表面粗糙度比较大;石英砂滤料颗粒表面高度分布的峭度比较大,说明砂滤料颗粒表面形貌高度分布比较集中;石英砂滤料颗粒表面高度分布的偏斜度都为负,说明砂滤料颗粒表面凹陷部分所占比例偏大,影响过滤效果。通过研究认为,要使过滤器石英砂滤料获得更好的过滤效果,应选取相对较大颗粒的石英砂滤料,并对砂滤料的生产工艺进行改进,使砂滤料粗糙度适当增大。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

Monitoring desertification processes in Mongolian Plateau using MODIS tasseled cap transformation and TGSI time series

Most remote sensing studies assess the desertification using vegetation monitoring method. But it has the insufficient precision of vegetation monitoring for the limited vegetation cover of the desertification region. Therefore, it offers an alternative approach for the desertification research to assess sand dune and sandy land change using remote sensing in the desertification region. In this study, the indices derived from the well-known tasseled cap transformation(TCT), tasseled cap angle(TCA),disturbance index(DI), process indicator(PI), and topsoil grain size index(TGSI) were integrated to monitor and assess the desertification at the thirteen study sites including sand dunes and sandy lands distributed in the Mongolian Plateau(MP) from 2000 to 2015. A decision tree was used to classify the desertification on a regional scale. The average overall accuracy of 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 desertification classification was higher than 90%. Results from this study indicated that integration of the advantages of TCA, DI and TGSI could better assess the desertification. During the last 16 years, Badain Jaran Desert, Tengger Desert, and Ulan Buh Desert showed a relative stabilization. Otindag Sandy Land and the deserts of Khar Nuur, Ereen Nuur, Tsagan Nuur, Khongoryn Els, Hobq, and Mu Us showed a slow increasing of desertification, whereas Bayan Gobi, Horqin and Hulun Buir sandy lands showed a slow decreasing of desertification. Compared with the other 11 sites, the fine sand dunes occupied the majority of the Tengger Desert, and the coarse sandy land occupied the majority of the Horqin Sandy Land. Our findings on a three or four years' periodical fluctuated changes in the desertification may possibly reflect changing precipitation and soil moisture in the MP. Further work to link the TCA, DI,TGSI, and PI values with the desertification characteristics is recommended to set the thresholds and improve the assessment accuracy with field investigation.     

用于砂土层连续采样的柔性软袋式钻取采样技术研究

砂土是地球表面常见的一种覆盖物,由于风力和水力的搬运作用导致传统浅层采样器所采集的样芯信息量不足,并且由于砂土颗粒之间的内聚力小流动性大,传统环刀压入方法无法采集到长度大于20cm并且具备连续层序信息的样品。为此提出一种柔性软袋式取芯技术,采用内置柔性袋取芯机构的外螺旋钻具对砂土进行钻取采样,以提高采样的样芯长度并保持层序信息。分析了取芯钻具与砂土相互接触的机理以及对采样样芯的扰动情况,通过仿真模拟的比对揭示了传统环刀压入法对样芯扰动的原因。搭建了试验台并针对传统环刀压入法与柔性软袋式取芯方法的采样率进行了对比试验,结果显示后者取芯率随转速增加下降10.4%,前者随压力增加提高16.4%,使用柔性软袋方法取芯率均值从13.08%提高到84.08%,并能保持连续的样芯层序信息。