Determination of Major and Trace Elements in Plant Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry

The determination of several trace elements [arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb)] in plant samples using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) was evaluated. It was established experimentally that moderate amounts (0.2–2%) of dissolved solids decreased the analyte signals significantly. Internal standardization with Rh was efficiently used to compensate for these matrix effects. The accuracy of the method was verified using reference materials digested according to two different procedures: dry ashing and microwave digestion. No significant differences were observed between measured concentrations and certified values. The investigation was next extended for the determination of major elements [aluminum (Al), boron (B), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn)] on the same reference materials. The ICP‐MS values agree well with the values supplied. However, it appeared that Sc was the most useful internal standard for major elements.     

Influence of Aggregate Size,Electrolyte Concentration,and Sodium Adsorption Ratio on Crack Parameters of a Vertisol

Shrinking–swelling and crack formation influence soil physical behavior and productivity. Soil factors affecting crack formation and dimensions are clay content and mineralogy, aggregate stability as well as total concentration (C_t), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of soil solution. Tillage intensity, which determines aggregate size, may also play a significant role in crack formation and dimensions. In the present work, total length, mean width, total area, and cover percentage of cracks were studied, under laboratory conditions, in beds of two aggregate sizes (<1 and 2–1 mm) of a Vertisol. The beds were saturated, equilibrated with sodium chloride (NaCl)/calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solutions of C_t 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mmol/L and SARs 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20 (mmol/L)^1/2, and allowed to air‐dry. After air‐drying, pictures of the samples were taken and used for the calculation of crack parameters by a scanning program. The results showed that aggregate size was the dominant factor determining the crack parameters: the cracks formed in beds of aggregates <1 mm were wider and of a smaller total length, total area, and cover percentage (p < 0.05) than those cracks formed in beds of aggregates 2–1 mm in size. It was also determined that changes of C_t resulted in a greater influence on crack characteristics than changes of SAR in the equilibrating solutions.     

Distribution of DTPA‐extractable Fe,Zn, and cu in soil particle‐size fractions

Abstract

To examine the distribution of DTPA‐extractable Fe, Zn, and Cu in clay, silt, and sand fractions; surface soils were collected from cultivated fields of North Dakota, South Dakota, West Virginia, Iowa, Ohio, and Illinois. Clay, silt, and sand fractions were separated after sonic dispersion of soil water suspension and analyzed for DTPA‐extractable Fe, Zn, and Cu. In general, clay had the highest and sand the lowest amount of DTPA‐extractable metals. Consequently, clay had the highest and sand the lowest intensity and capacity factors for these metals since DTPA micronutrient test measures both these factors.     

Estimation of soil texture from the sample density

Abstract

Soil texture often plays an important role in the interpretation of soil analytical data for fertilizer advisory purposes. A reliable and inexpensive method of clay content estimation is, therefore, a requirement of most advisory laboratories. This note discusses the use of sample density (i.e. the mass of a scooped volume of soil) as an index of clay content. A strong relationship was found to exist between sample density and clay content, and such estimates of clay content were superior to those obtained by experienced pedologists using the “finger test” procedure. The use of this quick and simple procedure is considered to be ideally suited to soil testing laboratories handling large numbers of samples.     

Effect of biochar on soil structure and storage of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the aggregate fractions of an Albic soil

ABSTRACT

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of corn straw derived-biochar (700 °C) applied at 0 (control), 10 (B1), 20 (B2) and 30 t ha^?1 (B3) on water stable aggregate (WSA), mean weight diameter (MWD), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in WSA fractions of Albic soil. Compared with control, WSA in > 2 mm fraction increased, by 40.8% and 51.5% (0–10 cm depth) in B1 and B3, respectively. B1, B2 and B3 (10–20 cm depth) increased by 55.2%, 69.6% and 62.4%, respectively. MWD increased by 34.4%, 21.6%, and 17.6% with B3 at 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm depths, respectively. TOC in the > 2 mm fraction increased by 28.6%, 22.1%, and 23.2% (0–10 cm depth) in B1, B2, and B3, respectively, TN in 2–0.5 mm fractions increased by 32.4%, 23.4% and 33.6% (0–10 cm depth); and in the 0.25–0.05 mm fractions increased by 14.8%, 19.8% and 18.7% (10–20 cm depth), in B1, B2 and B3, respectively. Our findings suggest biochar application at 30 t ha^?1 could improve structural stability and sequestration of TOC and TN in Albic soils.     

基于最小数据集和模糊数学法的水旱轮作区土壤肥力质量评价

基于湖北省水旱轮作区133个土壤样点数据,利用主成分分析及参选指标相关关系法确定了该区域土壤肥力质量评价的最小数据集,分别为土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效硼、有效钼、有效锌。利用模糊数学隶属度函数法对该区域土壤肥力质量进行了评价,结果表明:湖北省水旱轮作区的赤壁、洪湖、荆州、麻城和沙洋5个市(区、县)的土壤肥力质量以中等(III)为主,差(Ⅳ)等级次之,其中赤壁市和沙洋县土壤肥力质量以良(II)等级的比例(12.5%和9.5%)大于其他县市,5个县市土壤肥力质量均无优(I)和很差(V)2个等级。     

农药浓度、共代谢底物和接种量对Sphingobium indicum B90A降解六六六效率的影响

有机氯农药六六六曾被广泛用于卫生防疫和对抗农业病虫害,但由于其毒性和持久性引发了一系列环境问题。鉴于微生物降解方法在农药污染场地的修复中具有重要作用,采用摇瓶培养法研究了在α-、β-、γ-和δ-六六六（HCH）异构体混合体系中,农药浓度、共代谢底物和接种量对Sphingobium indicum B90A降解4种HCH异构体的影响。研究结果表明：S.indicum B90A对α-和β-HCH的利用较好,其次是γ-和δ-HCH。在10mg·L-1混合HCH的无机盐培养液中,30℃下反应72h,S.indicumB90A对α-、β-、γ-和δ-HCH的降解率分别为99%、86%、53%和33%。随着HCH浓度的增加,S.indicum B90A对4种HCH异构体降解率均逐渐降低。在共代谢底物的研究中,添加葡萄糖或酵母粉均能明显地提高S.indicumB90A对HCH的降解能力,在10mg·L-1混合无机盐培养液中,添加100mg·L-1葡萄糖或添加50mg·L-1酵母粉,30℃下反应84h,S.indicum B90A对α-、β-、γ-和δ-HCH的降解率均接近100%。S.indicum B90A对HCH的降解率随着菌体接种量的增加而相应提高,适宜接菌量为5%。     

刺槐林和柠条林土壤剖面理化性质对比及相关性分析

为了研究黄土高原退耕林地土壤理化性质变化特征,探索土壤剖面不同深度土壤有机碳(SOC)及相关因素的相互响应机制,对安塞县纸坊沟流域1975年柠条林(N75)、1974年农地(H74)和1978年刺槐林(C78)100 cm深度土壤剖面的有机碳、全N、粒度、碳酸钙进行了差异度分析和线性相关性分析,结果表明:两个退耕林地SOC和全N含量在0—100 cm深度都有增加,但是C78主要表现在0—20 cm深度,而N75则主要表现在20—100 cm深度。相关度分析表明,H74在20—100 cm深度SOC含量、C/N值与0.002—0.02 mm粒径含量达显著、极显著相关,C78在40—100 cm深度SOC含量与<0.002 mm粒径含量显著相关,C/N值与<0.02 mm粒径含量由0—100 cm的负相关变为正相关。结果证明,退耕后柠条林地SOC和全N含量的变化主要表现在深层土壤上,刺槐林地的变化则主要表现在浅层土壤上;农地和刺槐林地深层土壤SOC主要吸附在细颗粒土壤上,性质较稳定。     

细小泥沙粒径对迷宫流道灌水器堵塞的影响

为探明细小泥沙粒径对迷宫流道灌水器抗堵塞性能的影响,该文以内镶片式斜齿形迷宫流道灌水器为研究对象,应用类短周期堵塞测验方法对8种粒径小于0.1 mm的泥沙颗粒进行浑水测试。在此基础上,分析了泥沙粒径和含沙量对灌水器堵塞的影响,探讨引起灌水器发生堵塞时的敏感粒径范围与含沙量水平。试验结果表明:对于粒径小于0.1 mm的细小颗粒,含沙量是引起灌水器堵塞的主要原因,当浑水含沙量水平大于1.25 g/L时,影响尤其显著,呈正相关关系;粒径对堵塞的影响并不是单调的递增或递减,堵塞发生的敏感粒径范围在0.03～0.04 mm之间。试验结果有助于进一步提高含沙水源滴灌的应用水平。     

风送喷雾雾滴粒径测量系统设计与影响因素试验

为方便测量不同喷雾条件下雾滴粒径大小,该文设计了喷头位置、喷雾角度、喷雾压力和风速大小等试验条件可精确调节的风送喷雾雾滴粒径测量系统。该系统喷头xyz三维空间位置调节范围分别为0～0.9、0～0.8和0～0.7m,调整精度为±0.04mm;喷雾角度调节范围为0～360°,调整精度为±0.005°;喷雾压力调节范围为0.2～0.5MPa,相对误差不大于1.5%;风速调节范围为0～15m/s,相对误差不大于4.17%。雾滴粒径风速影响特性试验表明,常用的3个粒径统计项D32、D43和DV0.5随风速增加而增大,其平均变化率分别为2.62、3.59和6.83μm·s/m,速度从3m/s增加到15m/s时,三者分别增加46%、26%和71%;雾滴粒径喷雾压力影响特性试验表明,D32、D43和DV0.5随压力增加而减小,其平均变化率分别为90.33、232.3和300.2μm/MPa,喷雾压力从0.2MPa增加到0.5MPa时,三者分别减小31%、36%和56%,表明风速和喷雾压力对雾滴粒径影响较大,在喷雾系统中进行风速和压力选择时需着重考虑其对粒径变化的影响。