基于电磁感应的典型干旱区土壤盐分时空变异快速诊断

选取南疆典型干旱区研究其土壤盐分时空变异,在研究区域选取校正点测定表观电导率(ECa),并同时采集土壤样品,研究表明土壤盐分含量与大地表观电导率具有良好相关性(R =0.935),可由此建立土壤盐分电磁感应解译模型.构建移动式磁感调查系统对研究区域进行调查,获取足量表观电导率信息,结合GIS和地统计等相关知识研究土壤盐...     

覆膜滴灌条件下棉花根层土壤盐分时间稳定性研究

为揭示膜下滴灌棉田主根区土壤盐分的时间变异特性,基于2013—2014年田间实测数据,采用变异系数、平均相对偏差和标准差等方法研究了不同土层土壤盐分的时间稳定性,并进一步确定了可以反映各土层土壤平均含盐量的代表性测点。结果表明,研究区域0~40 cm土层土壤盐分随时间序列的变异性只有少数几个测点属于强变异,其余均属于中等变异;在棉花主根层(40 cm)内,土壤盐分的时间稳定性随土层深度增加呈现先增强后略微减弱趋势,在30 cm土层深度稳定性最强,平均相对偏差浮动范围最小、且其平均标准差最小;反映各土层平均含盐量的代表测点分布较为集中,可选取代表地块对区域土壤含盐量进行估算(决定系数R2为0.791 2~0.917 1)。棉田主根层土壤盐分时间稳定性研究有利于指导田间灌溉;选取少量且具有代表性的测点可为区域合理布设土壤盐分监测点提供理论依据。     

不同改良剂对滨海盐渍土的改良效果

为了探究不同改良剂对滨海盐渍土的改良效果,以河北省中捷友谊农场学院路的滨海盐渍土为研究对象,试验设定5种不同的改良处理:TR1(有机改良剂+天然沸石)、TR2(园林废弃物+天然沸石)、TR3(有机改良剂+园林废弃物+天然沸石)、TR4(天然沸石)、TR5(有机改良剂)以及CK(对照),进行田间试验,分别于改良1个月后以及改良1a后取样,分析并测定土壤8大离子质量分数以及土壤全盐量。结果表明:改良1个月后,5种改良处理均能显著地降低土壤Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和SO_4~(2)质量分数和全盐量;TR2处理和TR4处理能显著降低土壤中K~+质量分数;除TR5处理外,其他4种处理均能显著降低土壤中Na+和Cl-质量分数;只有TR5处理能够显著降低土壤中HCO_3~-质量分数和pH值。改良1a后,5种改良处理均能显著地降低土壤K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2)质量分数和全盐量;除TR5处理外,其他4个改良处理均能显著降低Na~+质量分数;改良后土壤pH值和HCO_3~-质量分数均无显著变化。因此,有机改良剂、天然沸石和园林废弃物作为改良土壤降盐材料均有助于滨海盐碱地改良,达到降盐效果。     

Strategies for reducing subsurface drainage in irrigated agriculture through improved irrigation

The traditional approach ofinstalling subsurface drainage systems tosolve shallow ground water problems is notfeasible along the west side of the SanJoaquin Valley of California because of thelack of drain water disposal methods thatare economical, technically feasible, andenvironmentally friendly. Thus, optionssuch as drainage reduction through improvedirrigation and drain water reuse are beingexamined as methods for coping with thesubsurface drainage problem. This paperdiscusses options for reducing subsurfacedrainage through improved irrigationpractices. Options are discussed forimproving irrigation system design such asupgrading existing irrigation methods andconverting to systems with higher potentialirrigation efficiencies. Methods forimproving water management are alsopresented. Case studies on upgradingexisting systems or converting to otherirrigation methods are presented along with study results of the effect of variouspolicies on reducing subsurface drainage.     

高盐度有机废水处理研究进展

海水直接利用后排放的废水以及制药和染料化工等工业废水，由于含盐量高，单一废水生物处理法具有一定的难度，本文结合高盐度有机废水的特点介绍了生物法与其他工艺组合以及电化学处理法处理此类废水的研究进展。     

盐度突变对凡纳滨对虾组织碳酸酐酶活性的影响

采用改进的△pH法检测凡纳滨对虾组织碳酸酐酶活性,监测了环境盐度从5突变到25后对虾鳃和触角腺组织碳酸酐酶活性及其血淋巴渗透浓度的动态变化。结果表明:(1)鳃组织碳酸酐酶活性在盐度突变后4 d内没有显著变化,活性水平在(21.68±1.25)μmol CO2/(mg.min),第5~11天有显著性的增高现象,在第10天活性最高,为(43.03±2.82)μmol CO2/(mg.min),第12天回落至起始水平;(2)触角腺碳酸酐酶活性动态变化的模式与鳃相似,起始增高时间比鳃晚6 d;(3)触角腺碳酸酐酶活性显著增高起始的时间与鳃组织碳酸酐酶活性开始显著下降的时间有关联性;(4)在低盐度时,凡纳滨对虾属于强高渗调变生物。     

基于地表高光谱与OLI影像的土壤含盐量和pH值估测

针对宁夏银北地区大面积土壤盐碱化监测的需要,利用实测植被冠层光谱与Landsat 8 OLI影像相结合进行土壤含盐量和pH值估测研究.对实测植被冠层高光谱与影像多光谱反射率进行倒数、对数、三角函数及其一阶微分等一系列变换,确定最佳光谱变换形式,筛选敏感植被指数和敏感波段,分别建立基于实测植被光谱与Landsat 8 O...     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

盐渍化灌区节水改造后土壤盐分时空变化规律研究

为探明沈乌灌域节水改造后因地下水水位变化造成的土壤盐分重分布规律,采用区域土壤信息定点监测,并结合经典统计学、空间插值、缓冲区分析和空间自相关分析方法,研究节水改造前后沈乌灌域土壤盐分空间变异、时空分布规律及不同改造年限区域土壤盐分变化差异。结果表明:节水改造后,秋浇前土壤整体含盐量平均降幅7. 30%,秋浇水量减少,秋浇后土壤盐分淋洗效果减弱9. 26%;空间上,土壤盐分高值区(大于6 g/kg)多位于地下水埋深较浅的东北和南部区域,低值区(小于2 g/kg)位于西南和东部沙区。节水改造后,秋浇前土壤盐分全局Moran’s I指数平均增幅为5%,空间相关性增强;秋浇水量减少,全局Moran’s I指数变化不显著,秋浇作用对土壤盐分空间自相关影响度减弱。由LISA集聚分析可知,改造后、秋浇前南部高-高显著区向不显著和高-低区转变,秋浇后南部集聚特征仍十分显著,存在盐渍化风险,改造后仍是盐渍化防治重点区域。针对中度耐盐作物,沈乌灌域耕层作物生长安全区和深层非盐渍土面积比例分别为49. 66%和71. 57%;改造后,秋浇前耕层作物生长安全区和深层非盐渍土分别增加4. 82、1. 85个百分点,秋浇后,耕层作物生长安全区面积增幅下降5. 02个百分点,深层变化不显著。不同距离缓冲区对平均土壤含盐量的解释能力较强,长期改造区和短期改造区受渠道影响半径分别为1. 5 km和0. 7 km,长期改造区缓冲区内平均土壤含盐量下降速率高于短期改造区,均一化程度较高。综上所述,节水改造工程实施后,土壤盐渍化程度减轻,作物生长安全区面积增加,表聚作用弱化,秋浇水量减少,土壤盐分淋洗效果减弱,土壤环境有所改善。     

不同位置秸秆覆盖条件下土壤水盐运动实验研究

以地下水与土壤水动力学理论为基础,通过对不同地下水埋深不同位置秸秆覆盖试验资料分析,建立了土壤水分运动数学模型,并进行了数值模拟,试验实测数据与模型计算值吻合较好,说明所建立的模型是可行的。并以此为基础,分析了不同地下水埋深不同位置秸秆覆盖土壤含盐量,得出地表以下30 cm处秸秆覆盖的土壤含盐量大于地表表层秸秆覆盖的土壤含盐量,这为新疆地区控制潜水蒸发改良盐碱地研究提供了可靠的基础依据。