人工合成六倍体小麦与黑麦的可杂交性研究

利用102份从CIMMYT引进的人工合成六倍体小麦与黑麦杂交,分析了人工合成六倍体小麦的可杂交性,结果表明:人工合成小麦的可杂交能力变异很大,从0%~72.49%;其中有11份人工合成小麦的可杂交率超过50%以上,1份人工合成小麦YAR/Aegilops tauschii518的杂交结实率达到72.49%,与中国春相似。通过比较同一个硬粒小麦与不同节节麦或同一个节节麦与不同硬粒小麦的可杂交性,发现硬粒小麦和节节麦都对人工合成小麦的可杂交性具有较强的作用。本实验所筛选的具有高亲和性的人工合成小麦,可作为远缘杂交的新材料,用于转育小麦近缘属种优良基因。     

替代黑麦幼苗测定土壤中重金属生物有效性的研究

采用室内培养实验方法,对用于土壤中重金属生物有效性测定的黑麦的替代植物进行了研究,结果表明,小麦由于结果和黑麦比较接近,而且种子易于得到,因此是黑麦的较佳替代植物。经试验小麦幼苗的生长期为14d。     

硒对黑麦草生长、品质及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的影响

用水培试验方法研究了硒对黑麦草(LoliummultiflorumLamaubada)生长、品质及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH Px)活性的影响。结果表明,适量的硒(ρ(Se4+)=0～0.1mg·L-1)能促进黑麦草分蘖、株高、地上部生物量、根系干重及总生物量的增加,外源硒过高(ρ(Se4+)≥1mg·L-1)时黑麦草的生长受到抑制甚至中毒死亡。黑麦草体内含硒量随供硒水平的提高而增加,不同器官的含硒量大小顺序为根>叶>茎。在非中毒范围内(ρ(Se4+)≤0.1mg·L-1),随着供硒水平的提高,黑麦草地上部分的粗蛋白、钙和磷的含量增加,粗纤维和粗灰分含量下降,粗脂肪含量变化不明显。适量的硒能促进黑麦草根与叶的GSH Px活性增强,黑麦草根与叶的GSH Px活性与其相应部位的硒含量表现出显著的正相关关系。     

不同施N水平对黑麦草产量和品质的效应

在红壤岗地上进行黑麦草氮肥施用试验,采用2种施肥结构(单施化肥、沼肥 化肥)和4种施N水平(0,150,250,350kg／hm^2)。结果证明：黑麦草的产量随施N水平的提高而增加,且草的N、P含量,亦随施N水平的提高而增加,从而改善了草的营养品质。在等N条件下单施化肥的增产效果优于沼肥 化肥。肥料N的利用率和单位N素的贡献,则随施N水平的提高而递减,但单位面积的利润则仍以高N水平为最大。考虑到沼肥成本可以不计,则两种施肥结构的经济效益较为接近,且沼肥的生态社会效益好,因此沼肥 化肥的高施N水平仍不失为一种可选用的施肥方式。     

Crossability percentages of bread wheat collections from Tibet,China with rye

Summary The crossability percentages of 282 accessions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected in Tibet, China with rye (Secale cereale L.) have been tested. Five collections have a similar to and 277 accessions have a lower crossability percentage than Chinese Spring or are non-crossable with rye. The accessions with high crossability percentage occur along the highway near Lhasa. No landraces with higher crossability than Chinese Spring and rare landraces with similar crossability to Chinese Spring indicated that the landraces in Tibet region are different from those in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Henan provinces in the distribution frequency of high crossability, and there is no distribution of recessive kr4 alleles.     

Crossability percentages of bread wheat landraces from Shaanxi and Henan provinces,China with rye

Summary The crossability percentages of 118 landraces of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Shaanxi and Henan provinces, China with rye (Secale cereale L.) have been tested. 14 landraces possess a higher crossability percentage than Chinese Spring, 30 landraces have a similar to and 74 landraces have a lower crossability percentage than Chinese Spring or are non-crossable with rye. Most landraces with high crossability percentage occur in south part of Shaanxi, and the west and southwest of Henan, their geographical distribution in these regions fits up with that in the Sichuan province.     

Maternal induced haploids in rye (Secale cereale L.)

Summary An inbred line of rye named P8 was found to possess haploid plants in their diploid stock. Phenomenon of spontaneous haploidy was examined in this line. Fifty families derived from this inbred line were screened to determine their ploidy level by mitotic chromosome count taking root tips. Seven families were found to contain haploid plants. Among these seven families, plants from two families which were diploid were crossed reciprocally with the standard out breeding cultivar Conrah. As all of the tested plants of P8 were found aa allele for 6-Phosphogluconic dehydrogenase (6-PGD) isozyme, therefore, only those Conrah plants which have bb alleles for the same isozyme were used in crossing programme.F1 seedlings were screened with the same isozyme marker and out of 1741 F1 seedlings tested, 51 were found to be non-hybrid phenotype for 6-PGD enzyme. Among these, only five plants were found haploid and the rest were diploid. Haploid plants were obtained only from those crosses where P8 was female which indicates that haploids in this line was maternally induced.     

The site of action of the crossability genes (Kr 1, Kr 2) between Triticum and Secale. I. Pollen germination,pollen tube growth,and number of pollen tubes

Summary Seven genotypes of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were crossed with rye (Secale cereale L.) in order to find the site or sites of action of the crossability genes, Kr ₁ and Kr ₂, of wheat. The data obtained, by fluorescence microscopy, were compared to the controls (wheat x wheat). The results indicate that the crossability genes have little effect on pollen germination and on the time taken for the pollen tubes to reach the microphyle, irrespective of their crossabilities with rye. The number of pollen tubes reaching the microphyle is, however, affected by the Kr-genes, as high crossable genotypes have more pollen tubes than the low crossable ones. There was a high correlation between the mean number of pollen tubes at the micropyle with seed set, which also reflects the crossability. The Kr-genes seem to manifest themselves in the retardation and inhibition of pollen tube growth between the style base and the top of the embryo sac, where the effect is most distinct in the low crossable genotypes.     

Chromosomal location of genes controlling 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase isozymes in cultivated rye

Summary The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) zymogram phenotypes of wheat, rye and their aneuploid derivates were determined. At least three genes involved in the production of 6-PGD isozymes were located on chromosome arms 4RL, 6RL and 2RL of Imperial rye, King II rye and Dakold rye. Evidence was obtained that at least one gene located on chromosome arm 5RS controls G-6-PD isozyme activities in these varieties of rye and one gene involved in the production of GDH isozymes was located on chromosome arm 2RS of Imperial, King II and Dakold rye. The results indicate that the 6-PGD isozymes exist as dimers and monomers. No possible structure of the G-6-PD and GDH could be determined.     

Indirect selection for grain protein and grain yield in winter wheat

Summary The efficiency of the honeycomb selection procedure in selecting outstanding genotypes was observed at two interplant distances (d), i.e. d=100 cm, low density, representing noncompetitive conditions and d=15 cm, high density, representing presence of interplant competition. Progress due to selection among the plants grown with and without competition was established by comparison of the plot performance of offspring from selected plants with that of offspring from plants taken at random. The relation between selection intensity and response to selection was observed to detect a possible negative correlation between competing and yielding ability.So far, the results obtained do not yet allow to make a choice between selection of individual plants in presence or in absence of interplant competition. No significant correlation between single plant yield and plot yield was found at any of the two densities. However, response to selection for yield was higher when selecting at low density supporting Fasoulas' preference for selecting single plants in absence of competition. These results must be taken with caution since seed quality and a biassed sample of random plants exerted an important effect on the obtained response to selection.