半干旱区微集水系统土壤水分调控效果研究

分析了定西市安定区以隔坡水平阶为主体的径流调控工程和梯田(对照)的土壤水分与植被生长状况及11a累积土壤水分水量平衡特征。结果表明,隔坡水平阶工程保存完好,产流区(25m²)年均产流0.3m³,产沙3.96kg,被蓄水区全部拦蓄,有效控制了水土流失,增加了水资源量,缓解了林草植被水分供应不足状况。2m土层含水量与植被生长成反比。梯田土壤含水率最高,但农作物受旱减产最大;隔坡水平阶产流区土壤含水率较低,紫花苜蓿减产较大,蓄水区土壤含水率最低,但侧柏林生长旺盛。隔坡水平阶(林草带状混交)年均蒸散量为428.6mm,较梯田高2.2mm。     

坡地开垦的径流泥沙响应

Land use and land cover change is a key driver of environmental change. To investigate the runoff and erosion responses to frequent land use change on the steep lands in the Three Gorges area, China, a rainfall simulation experiment was conducted in plots randomly selected at a Sloping Land Conversion Program site with three soil surface conditions: existing vegetation cover, vegetation removal, and freshly hoed. Simulated rainfall was applied at intensities of 60 (low), 90 (medium), and 120 mm h 1 (high) in each plot. The results indicated that vegetation removal and hoeing significantly changed runoff generation. The proportion of subsurface runoff in the total runoff decreased from 30.3% to 6.2% after vegetation removal. In the hoed plots, the subsurface runoff comprised 29.1% of the total runoff under low-intensity rainfall simulation and the proportion rapidly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity. Vegetation removal and tillage also significantly increased soil erosion. The average soil erosion rates from the vegetation removal and hoed plots were 3.0 and 10.2 times larger than that in the existing vegetation cover plots, respectively. These identified that both the runoff generation mechanism and soil erosion changed as a consequence of altering land use on steep lands. Thus, conservation practices with maximum vegetation cover and minimum tillage should be used to reduce surface runoff and soil erosion on steep lands.     

赣北第四纪红壤区侵蚀性降雨强度与雨量标准的确定

降雨是土壤侵蚀的主要动力因子,侵蚀性降雨标准的获取是计算降雨侵蚀力的重要环节;目前,红壤区侵蚀性降雨标准不一致,需要进一步研究。利用2001—2009年的1359场降雨数据,对赣北第四纪红壤区不同下垫面的侵蚀性降雨标准进行研究,得出结论如下:1)不同下垫面满足拟定侵蚀性降雨标准的数据序列长度存在明显差异,满足拟定侵蚀性降雨标准的数据序列长度可以反映水土保持措施从实施到发挥稳定效益所需的年限;2)具有水土保持措施的下垫面能够有效提高侵蚀性雨量标准,柑橘+前埂后沟梯壁植草水平梯田的第5小区侵蚀性雨量标准为16.2mm,比地表裸露小区的11.4mm提高42.1%;3)对于没有水土保持措施或稳定性高的水土保持措施下垫面,宜采用时段侵蚀性雨强标准;对于稳定性低的水土保持措施下垫面,宜采用侵蚀性雨量标准。该研究为区域水土保持规划提供参考。     

近60年洞庭湖区水沙演变特征及趋势预测

基于洞庭湖1951-2009年年径流泥沙量数据,采用趋势分析法和阶段分析法对近60 a来洞庭湖水沙的演变特征及变化趋势进行分析,并以年份序列为自变量,对洞庭湖水沙累积量进行多项式函数拟合,结果表明:①近60 a来,洞庭湖区除四水入湖水量的趋势性不显著以外,三口入湖水沙量、四水入湖沙量和城陵矶出湖水沙量均呈较显著的减少趋势;②洞庭湖水沙在演变过程中表现出一定的阶段性特征;③洞庭湖水沙的演变特征及趋势与下荆江裁弯工程、葛洲坝截流工程、三峡工程等水利设施的建设密切相关.     

伏牛山东麓不同植被恢复类型土壤入渗性能及产流预测

为了研究不同植被恢复类型对土壤入渗与产流的影响,采用双环入渗法测定了伏牛山东麓六种植被恢复类型土壤水分入渗过程,通过对比稳渗率与不同重现期的暴雨强度,判断不同植被类型地表径流产生的可能性。结果表明:(1)不同植被类型土壤初渗率、稳渗率和前60min入渗量均表现出栓皮栎次生林>栓皮栎人工林>刺槐人工林>侧柏人工林>灌丛>裸地的规律;(2)土壤入渗特征参数与土壤容重、总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、有机质含量、细根生物量和团聚体含量显著相关(p<0.05),其中土壤容重、总孔隙度是影响土壤入渗的主导因子;(3)栓皮栎次生林能抵御10a一遇的暴雨,栓皮栎人工林能抵御1a一遇的暴雨,而其它植被类型均不能低御1a一遇的暴雨,易产生暴雨径流。说明封育天然次生林和运用乡土树种造林进行植被恢复,有利于提高土壤的入渗性能。     

玉龙喀什河和喀拉喀什河出山径流变化及其影响因素分析

塔克拉玛干沙漠周边地区近40 a来年气温和年降水有明显的上升趋势,位于沙漠南端以西昆仑山冰雪融水和山区降水为补给的玉龙喀什河和喀拉喀什河出山径流理应上升,利用研究资料分析表明这两条河的出山径流存在下降的相反趋势,夏季温度是玉龙喀什河与喀拉喀什河径流量维持稳定的主导因子,而山区夏季降水量的减少则导致玉龙喀什河与喀拉喀什河年径流量呈现减少趋势。     

黑河莺落峡年径流量时序变化的趋势特性及丰枯演化规律研究

黑河是我国一条重要的内陆河,对黑河流域年径流量的变化特征进行深入研究,具有重要的现实意义。文中应用Kendal趋势检验法、R/S分析法、条件概率分析法和M arkov过程基本的理论,对黑河上游莺落峡水文站1945~2000年实测年径流量时序变化的趋势特性及丰枯演化规律进行了研究。结果表明:莺落峡年径流量变化具有如下主要规律:呈增加趋势,但是并不显著;变化存在正的持续性,预计进入21世纪后将继续呈微弱增加趋势;无论何种长度的连续年数,都是连枯的概率最大、连平的概率次之,连丰的概率最小;径流枯水状态的自保守性最强,平水状态的自保守性次之,丰水状态的自保守性最弱;无论处于何种初始状态,径流向枯水状态转移的概率最大,向平水状态转移的概率次之,向丰水状态转移的概率最小。在径流的长期演化过程中,枯水状态的出现机会占有优势,平水状态和枯水状态的出现机会相同。     

福建南平植烟土壤主要养分特征及生产对策

摘要：2005年采集了福建南平烟区有代表性的植烟土壤样品159个,并进行了土壤的理化性状分析。结果表明：福建南平烟区土壤质地以粘壤土、壤土和砂壤土为主;与以往研究相比,土壤pH值有所上升,平均5.59±0.31,仅有38.99%的植烟土壤偏酸性;土壤有机质和速效氮含量仍较丰富,有机质平均34.86±7.88g/kg,碱解氮平均188.3±40.0 mg/kg,49.69%的土壤有机质含量＞35 mg/kg;土壤速效磷含量平均36.5±27.2 mg/kg,有35.85%的植烟土壤速效磷＜20 mg/kg;植烟土壤缓效钾含量平均362.8±241.0 mg/kg ,速效钾含量平均62.3±31.4mg/kg ,速效钾含量＞150mg/kg的植烟土壤仅占1.26%。为此,在烟叶生产上要因地制宜,对偏酸性土壤,要注意施用白云石粉,但应隔1-2年;严格控制氮肥施用量,适当补充磷肥,并注意增施钾肥。     

Influence of land management on soil nutrients and microbial biomass in the central loess plateau,northwest China

Loss of soil organic matter under cropping systems is often considered one of the most serious forms of agriculturally induced soil degradation. Therefore, understanding how to improve or maintain soil fertility is of importance for sustainable systems of agriculture. This study deals with the effects of succession fallow and fertilization combined with crop rotation on the chemical properties and microbial biomass of soil in the central Loess Plateau, China. In order to create a more uniform experimental environment and avoid the influence of different crop residues, wheat/potato (W/P) rotation was selected as a fertilization treatment. The results showed that with increasing fallow time organic carbon (Corg) and total nitrogen (TN) slightly increased, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and MBC/Corg gradually decreased, and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) remained unchanged. However, only MBC/Corg among all the microbial parameters measured showed significant differences at various stages of fallow. Although there was a decrease in organic carbon and total nitrogen in the fertilized plots, MBC was not significantly different in the various fallow and fertilized plots except for one‐year‐old fallows, which had the highest MBC. MBN, MBC/Corg and MBN/TN in fertilized plots were higher than for plots at different stages of fallow. Fertilization can increase organic carbon, total nitrogen, MBC and MBN content (compared to the control). It was concluded that appropriate land management, such as fertilization combined with crop rotation and reducing one‐year‐old fallow, would be useful ways to improve or maintain soil fertility. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆奎屯河水文特征分析

依据奎屯河1972~2006年的水文统计资料对河流水文特征进行了初步分析,结果表明:奎屯河属于多泥沙的季节性河流,流域降水稀少,蒸发旺盛;河流主要以冰川融雪水为补给源;正常径流量为6.18×108m3,径流年内分配不均,集中度高,年际变化相对稳定,变幅较小;水质为中性,矿化度不高。