Effect of energy and protein levels on performance,egg quality,and nutrient digestibility of laying pigeons

A total of 3,240 female Taisheng pigeons at 40 wk age were fed 9 diets containing 3 ME levels (2,630, 2,770, and 2,940 kcal/kg) and 3 CP levels (14.0, 15.0, and 16.0%) in a factorial arrangement. These diets were fed to investigate the effects of ME and CP on performance, egg quality, and nutrient digestibility. Female pigeons were housed under the same managerial conditions and randomly assigned into 9 treatments (6 replicates of 60 birds each). Two female–female paired pigeons housed in one cage were under a 16L:8D lighting cycle. Feed in pellet form and water were provided for ad libitum consumption. The study lasted 12 wk. As dietary ME level increased from 2,630 to 2,940 kcal/kg, BW, egg production, and apparent DM, crude fat (CF), and phosphorus (i.e., P) digestibilities increased (P < 0.05), feed intake decreased (P < 0.05), and feed conversion efficiency increased (P < 0.05). Increasing the level of dietary protein from 14 to 16% resulted in an increased (P < 0.05) BW, shell percentage, length of the major axis, and DM digestibility. Therefore, dietary ME had a greater influence on the performance of Taisheng laying pigeons than did dietary protein.     

仿生法评定抗草甘膦玉米和转Bt基因玉米的酶水解物能值的研究

本试验旨在分析抗草甘膦玉米和转Bt基因玉米原料及饲粮与同源非转基因玉米原料及饲粮体外总能消化率以及酶水解物能值,为转基因玉米的营养实质等同性仿生评定方法的研究提供参考。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,使用单胃动物仿生消化系统模拟饲料原料和饲粮在鸡胃肠道的消化过程,分析同源非转基因玉米、抗草甘膦玉米和转Bt基因玉米以及对应的3种玉米-豆粕饲粮在不同体外模拟消化阶段的干物质消化率、总能消化率和酶水解物能值的差异。结果表明:同源非转基因玉米、抗草甘膦玉米和转Bt基因玉米以及对应饲粮在常规概率成分含量上是相似的。抗草甘膦玉米及饲粮与同源非转基因玉米及饲粮相比,在干物质和能量胃消化率、全消化道消化率及酶水解物能值上均没有显著差异(P0.05)。转Bt基因玉米全消化道总能消化率低于同源非转基因玉米(P=0.03,变异系数=0.50%),对应玉米饲粮的酶水解物能值则高于同源非转基因玉米饲粮(P=0.02,变异系数=1.12%),但均处于仿生消化系统测试的误差范围内(变异系数≤1.64%)。由此可见,抗草甘膦玉米的酶水解物能值与同源对照玉米没有差异,而转Bt基因玉米存在统计学意义上的差异,但所有的测值均处于仿生消化系统的测试误差之内。仿生法发现的差异是否具有生物学意义有待体内试验验证。仿生法可为转基因饲料营养等同性研究提供一种新方法。     

添加复合酶对临武鸭瓜尔豆胚芽养分、氨基酸和能量利用率的影响

本试验旨在研究添加复合酶对临武鸭瓜尔豆胚芽养分、氨基酸和能量利用率的影响。试验选用24只体重2.0 kg左右的健康成年临武鸭公鸭,随机分为3组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只鸭。采用绝食强饲-全收粪法进行代谢试验。1、2组试验鸭每只强饲60 g/d饲粮,2组饲粮中添加250 mg/kg的复合酶,3组强饲60 g/d无氮饲粮。测定添加复合酶对临武鸭瓜尔豆胚芽中干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗纤维(CF)和17种氨基酸的表观利用率、真可利用率、表观代谢能(AME)和真代谢能(TME)。结果表明,临武鸭对瓜尔豆胚芽DM、CP、EE、CF和能量的真可利用率分别为67.07%、67.57%、65.52%、82.88%和77.39%,AME和TME分别为11.34和13.31 MJ/kg,17种氨基酸的真可利用率为67.72%~93.70%;添加复合酶使临武鸭的DM、CP、EE、CF和能量的真可利用率分别提高了5.23%、8.02%、5.80%、3.66%和3.31%(P0.05),AME和TME分别提高了3.97%和3.27%(P0.05),17种氨基酸的真可利用率提高了1.73%~11.62%,其中丝氨酸、甘氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸的真可利用率显著提高(P0.05)。由此可知,添加含有蛋白酶和非淀粉多糖酶的复合酶能够提高临武鸭对瓜尔豆胚芽中养分、氨基酸和能量的利用率。     

我国农村低碳消费方式实现的路径探析

低碳消费是低碳经济的应有之义，在低碳经济的发展中起着导向作用。农村的低碳消费是整个社会低碳消费的重要组成部分，具有巨大的发展潜力。本文阐述了我国农村消费高碳化的现状，深入剖析了其形成原因，从消费意识培养、低碳技术创新、消费结构优化、制度体系健全等四个方面提出了我国农村实现低碳消费的对策建议。     

气候变化对秃尾河流域径流量的影响

为探讨秃尾河流域径流量对气候变化的关系,利用秃尾河流域1970～2005年36 a来的气温、降水和天然径流量数据,对该流域气温、降水和径流量年际和季节性的变化特征及趋势进行了分析,研究了气候因子与径流量的相关性.研究结果表明:秃尾河流域年平均气温呈现明显升高趋势,以冬季升温为主；年降水表现为缓慢减少趋势,降水减少主要表...     

某宾馆利用太阳能集中热水供应系统设计

随着人们生活水平的提高,对生活热水需求的激增促进了太阳能热水器的迅速发展。目前太阳能热水器的应用,主要还是以分户独立系统为主,未来太阳能热水系统的发展趋势是以集中式为主。针对该宾馆热水供应的要求和特点,为宾馆设计了利用太阳能提供热水的集中系统,进行了太阳能集热系统规划、设计计算和设备选型,为将来集中式太阳能热水系统的应用和发展提供参考。     

An investigation of links between metabolic rate and feed efficiency in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax

Feed efficiency (FE) is the amount of body weight gain for a given feed intake. Improving FE through selective breeding is key for sustainable finfish aquaculture but its evaluation at individual level is technically challenging. We therefore investigated whether individual routine metabolic rate (RMR) was a predictor of individual FE in the European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, a major species in European mariculture. The European sea bass has three genetically distinct populations across its geographical range, namely Atlantic (AT), West Mediterranean (WM), and East Mediterranean (EM). We compared FE and RMR of fish from these three populations at 18 or 24 °C. We held 200 fish (62 AT, 66 WM, and 72 EM) in individual aquaria and fed them from ad libitum down to fasting. FI was assessed for an ad libitum feeding rate and for a fixed restricted ration (1% of metabolic body weight·day⁻¹, with metabolic body weight = body weight^0.8). After being refed 12 wk in a common tank, individual RMR was measured over 36 h by intermittent flow respirometry. There was a significant effect of temperature whereby fish at 18 °C had greater mean FE (P < 0.05) and lower RMR (P < 0.001). There was also a significant effect of population, where AT fish had lower FE (P < 0.05) and greater RMR (P < 0.001) than WM and EM, at both temperatures. Despite these differences in temperature and population means, individual FE and RMR were not significantly correlated (P > 0.05). Therefore, although the results provide evidence of an association between metabolic rate and FE, RMR was not a predictor of individual FE, for reasons that require further investigation.     

Selenium supplementation improves nutrient intake and digestibility,and mitigates CH4 emissions from sheep grazed on the mixed pasture of alfalfa and tall fescue

Low selenium (Se) in soil and forage can adversely affect on the quality of animal-derived foods, and hence on human health. Lambs grazed on mixed pastures of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were supplemented with five levels of Se [0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 µg/kg body weight (BW)]. The intake of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) varied with the level of Se supplementation, with a peak at 6 µg Se per kg BW (p ≤ 0.05). Gross energy (GE) intake, digestive energy (DE) intake and metabolic energy (ME) intake were higher at 6 µg Se per kg BW than at other Se levels (p < 0.01); in addition, methane energy (CH₄-E) output was lower at 6 µg Se per kg BW. Supplementation with Se significantly increased nitrogen (N) intake, faecal N and urine N, for which the peak values were 20.2 g N/, 5.62 g N/day and 7.92 g N/day, respectively, at 6 µg Se per kg BW. Se intake, blood Se, faecal Se, urine Se and retained Se were negatively correlated with forage crude protein (CP) content (p < 0.001) but were positively correlated with the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (p < 0.001) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (p < 0.001). Thus, we recommend the addition of 6 µg Se per kg BW to sheep grazed on pastures in regions with low soil Se.     

Effects of thermal energy on extrusion characteristics,digestibility and palatability of a dry pet food for cats

The influence of specific thermal energy (STE) applications on extruder preconditioner was evaluated in a dry food for cats. In the first study, six STE applications were tested with mass temperatures of 45°C, 55°C, 65°C, 75°C, 85°C and 95°C. The extrusion parameters, starch gelatinization and kibble formation were evaluated. Diets were given to cats to evaluate digestibility, faecal characteristics and palatability. In the second experiment, three treatments were compared: low STE—a preconditioner temperature of 45°C (_LSTE); high STE—a preconditioner temperature of 95°C (_HSTE); high STE (preconditioner temperature of 95°C) combined with an increase in the mass flow rate to obtain a motor amperage similar to that of the _LSTE (_HSTE_flow). Data were analysed by polynomial contrasts (Experiment 1) or Tukey's test (Experiment 2; p < 0.05). An increase in STE reduced motor amperage, mass pressure and specific mechanical energy (SME) implementation (p < 0.001) and increased total specific energy (TSE) and mass temperature (p < 0.01). The increase in STE induced greater kibble expansion and starch gelatinization (p < 0.001). No changes in apparent nutrient digestibility or faeces characteristics were observed (p > 0.05). Lower STE and starch gelatinization induced higher butyrate and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents in faeces (p < 0.01). Cats showed greatest preference for the formulation with the highest STE (p < 0.01). In the second experiment, when the motor amperage was increased in the _HSTE_flow treatment to a value similar to that of the _LSTE, the mass flow rate increased 40%, and the electric energy consumption remained unchanged (p < 0.001), with gains observed for efficiency and cost. In conclusion, STE application is important for sufficient TSE implementation, enhancing kibble expansion, starch gelatinization, cat preferences for food, extruder productivity and reducing SME application. Foods with lower starch gelatinization lead to increased VFA in faeces, with possible implications for gut health.     

日粮蛋白质水平对云南半细毛羊空怀母羊能量代谢的影响

为研究日粮蛋白质水平对云南半细毛羊空怀母羊能量代谢的影响,试验选择25只云南半细毛羊空怀母羊,平均分为5个组,分别饲喂蛋白质水平为8.4%、10.0%、12.3%、13.6%、15.9%的日粮,用全收粪法进行消化代谢试验,试验期共19 d,预试期14 d,正试期5 d。结果表明：（1）日粮蛋白质水平对总能摄入量无显著影响（P > 0.05）。（2）从组1到组5粪能逐渐下降,且组3、组4、组5较组1分别降低了10.5%、11.4%、13.7%（P < 0.05）,组5较组2降低了9.5%（P < 0.05）。（3）从组1到组5尿能逐渐增加,除组2与组1、组3间差异不显著（P > 0.05）外,其余组间差异极显著（P < 0.01）。（4）组4和组5总能消化率较组1极显著提高13.2%和11.8%（P < 0.01）,其余各组差异不显著（P > 0.05）。组4总能代谢率较组1极显著提高9.8%（P < 0.01）,其余各组差异不显著（P > 0.05）。对于消化能代谢率,组1和组2差异不显著（P > 0.05）,组3、组4和组5依次显著降低（P < 0.05）。（5）蛋白质采食量与总能消化率、消化能代谢率间的回归方程分别为：Y=0.917X+45.872（R2=0.853）|Y=-0.370X+87.735（R2=0.899）。综上,日粮蛋白质水平与粪能呈负相关,与尿能呈正相关。日粮蛋白质水平为13.6%时,总能消化率和总能代谢率均较8.4%蛋白质水平组极显著提高。总能消化率随蛋白质采食量的提高而线性升高,消化能代谢率则随蛋白质采食量的提高而线性降低。 [关键词] 蛋白质|云南半细毛羊|空怀期|能量代谢