黑龙江省大豆疫霉根腐病调查与病原分离

１９９６年对黑龙江省东部和中部大豆产区２３个市、县的大豆苗期疫霉根腐病进行了调查、研究,应用ＰＢＮＩＣ疫霉选择性培养基分离大豆疫霉根腐病病原菌,从牡丹江、穆棱、林口和佳木斯豆田具疫霉根腐症状的大豆植株上分离到大豆疫霉根腐病菌,并从根腐病株上单独或与大豆疫霉菌同时分离到终极腐霉菌,研究进一步证实我国黑龙江省有大豆疫霉根腐病。调查发现,大豆疫霉根腐病和终极腐霉根腐病主要发生在土质粘重、土壤含水量高或易积水的田块。     

Use of real-time PCR to examine the relationship between disease severity in pea and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphanomyces euteiches</Emphasis> DNA content in roots

Aphanomyces euteiches causes severe root rot of peas. Resistance is limited in commercial pea cultivars. Real-time fluorescent PCR assay specific for A. euteiches was used to study the relationship between disease severity and pathogen DNA content in infected peas. Five pea genotypes ranging in levels of resistance were inoculated with five isolates of A. euteiches. Plants were visually rated for disease development and the amount of pathogen DNA in roots was determined using the PCR assay. The susceptible genotypes Genie, DSP and Bolero tended to have significantly more disease and more pathogen DNA than the resistant genotypes 90-2079 and PI 180693. PI 180693 consistently had less disease, while 90-2079 had the lowest amount of pathogen DNA. The Spearman correlation between pathogen DNA quantity and disease development was positive and significant (P < 0.05) for three isolates, but was not significant for two other isolates. This suggests that the real-time PCR assay may have limited application as a selection tool for resistance in pea to A. euteiches. Its utility as a selection tool would be dependent on the correlation between disease development and pathogen DNA content for a given pathogen isolate. The accuracy and specificity of the real-time PCR assay suggests considerable application for the assay in the study of mechanisms of disease resistance and the study of microbial population dynamics in plants.     

腾冲过路黄的生长动态观察研究

对腾冲过路黄的物候期进行观察,并绘制出物候图谱。测定其各器官生长动态,结果显示：腾冲过路黄的根系集中分布层深度为10～26 cm,其茎含水量平均为82.02％,叶含水量平均为79.87％,根含水量平均为85.68％。采用相关分析及建立生物量一元线性回归方程,茎、叶、根的生物量（干重Y）可分别用Y=0.0213X4.3369、Y=0.0565X3.9657、Y=0.0382X3.517来推测。     

防治烟草根黑腐病拮抗芽孢菌株的筛选

由基生根串珠霉菌(Thielaviopsis basicola)引起的烟草根黑腐病是烟草生产上重要根部真菌病害,近年在我国烟草种植区有加重危害的趋势,目前防治措施主要依赖化学药剂,给卷烟卫生带来一系列问题[1].探索该病生物防治途径,克服农药残留和病原菌抗药性十分重要.芽孢杆菌是土壤和植物微生态区系的优势生物种群,具有优良生防特性[2],采用芽孢杆菌作为烟草根黑腐病生防因子尚未见报道.本研究从烟草根际土壤中分离筛选对烟草根黑腐病病菌有较强拮抗作用的芽孢菌株,研究其抑菌活性、控病作用及其分类学地位.     

滴水量对新大豆27号根系生长及产量的影响

为揭示滴水量对超高产大豆根系生长的影响规律,设置975 m3·hm-2(W1)、1 575 m3·hm-2(W2)、2175 m3·hm-2(W3)、2 775 m3·hm-2(W4)4种滴水处理,对各处理0~100 cm土层含水量、新大豆27号根系干重、侧根长和产量进行测定分析。结果表明:随着滴水量的增加,0~40 cm土层的含水量增加;0~20 cm土层根干重密度和侧根长密度增幅最大,20~40 cm土层增幅其次;增加生育中后期0~80 cm土层总根干重和总侧根长,鼓粒初期W2、W3、W4处理的根干重分别较W1增加14.2%、30.4%、41.1%,侧根长分别较W1增加17.4%、25.7%、40.3%;提高0~40 cm土层根系活力,增加根系伤流量,提高水分利用效率,W3、W4鼓粒初期0~80 cm土层根干重分别为88.6、95.8 g·m-2,侧根长为432.4~482.9 m·m-2,产量分别为6 082.6 kg·hm-2、6 404.7 kg·hm-2,水分利用效率为1.30左右。新疆伊宁地区大豆的适宜滴水量为2 175~2 775 m3·hm-2。     

莲藕的活性成分研究进展

综述了莲藕的活性成分种类、莲藕活性成分的药用和食用开发利用价值及莲藕活性成分的提取方法3个方面的研究进展,并对其今后的研究进行了展望。     

东河早藕土壤养分限制因子试验

通过土壤养分限制因子试验,对比了不同配方施肥条件下东河早藕田间植物学性状、生育期和经济性状的差异.试验结果表明,缺氮、磷、钾肥对东河早藕的生长发育及产量形成具有明显的抑制作用,且效果由大到小顺序为氮肥、钾肥、磷肥.针对浙中地区部分土壤缺锌,补施锌肥能促进东河早藕早熟高产.     

浅析灌溉对作物根系及产量的影响

结合文献资料,从作物根系的水平分布、垂直分布、硝态氮运移及产量等几个方面,概述了不同灌溉量和灌溉方式对作物的影响,分析了滴灌、渗灌等微灌技术的应用。最后,针对经济林木生产的实际现状,进行了展望：探索一种成本低、简单易操作、便于推广应用的灌溉措施更具有理论和实践意义。     

大蒜根系分泌物对烟草青枯病的影响

为探讨大蒜根系分泌物对烟草青枯病菌的抑菌活性,采用抑菌圈法和盆栽试验研究了大蒜根系分泌物及其主要成分对烟草青枯病的影响。结果表明：大蒜根系分泌物浓度为1g/mL时,对烟草青枯病菌抑制效果最好,其抑菌率为53.67%。大蒜根系分泌物4种成分的抑菌效果由强到弱依次为：2,6-二异丙基苯酚>二烯丙基二硫>2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚>邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。其中,2,6-二异丙基酚对烟草青枯病菌的抑制作用最强,在1和5mmol/L时的抑菌率分别为99.66%和100.00%;在盆栽试验中也具有较好的防治效果,接种后7 d和14 d后,其防效分别为34.75%和31.35%。因此,大蒜根系分泌物及其成分均对烟草青枯病有明显的抑制作用。本研究揭示了大蒜作为轮作或间作作物对烟草青枯病的防控机理,以及大蒜根系分泌物和2,6-二异丙基酚作为烟草青枯病防治剂的潜力。     

Variable response of open-pollinated seedling progeny of avocado to Phytophthora root rot

Phytophthora root rot, caused byPhytophthora cinnamomi Rands, is the most important disease of avocado (Persea americana Miller). In an attempt to identify root rot-resistant rootstocks that could ultimately be used under conditions in southern Florida, we screened open-pollinated progeny of avocado from the National Germplasm Repository in Miami. From 1996 to 1998, a total of 2,355 seedlings from 51 accessions were examined in potting mix artificially infested withP. cinnamomi. Most seedlings developed severe root rot, but tolerance was observed in some families (i.e., progeny of certain accessions). Although the most susceptible families developed mean disease ratings of up to 97% root necrosis, mean ratings for the most tolerant families were less than 60%. There was also a strong relationship between the racial background of the female parent and the tolerance of seedlings. Seedlings of the West Indian race and hybrids between it and the Guatemalan race were significantly more tolerant than those from other parents (P< 0.05). Individuals in several families developed < 50% root necrosis, the arbitrary standard of tolerance in this study. Twelve families accounted for 82% (188 of 229) of the tolerant seedlings, and only two of these did not have a West Indian or Guatemalan × West Indian pedigree. Broad-sense heritability for PRR tolerance was 0.45. This is the first report on the inheritance of PRR tolerance in avocado and on the influence of genotype and racial pedigree under controlled conditions.