生物有机液体混合肥对甜高粱根系形态特征的影响

为揭示生物液体有机混合肥对陕北农牧交错区青贮饲草作物根系形态特征的影响,通过盆栽控制试验,以甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.)为材料,设置不同浓度的生物活性水(BMW)(B1、B2、B3和B4)和Aidoora溶液(A1、A2和A3)处理,并测定甜高粱幼苗期的根系形态特征。结果表明:在大多数单一液体肥和混合液体肥下,甜高粱的根系生物量(RB)、根冠比(RSR)、根系体积(RV)、总根长(TRL)、根系表面积(RSA)、平均根直径(RAD)、比根长(SRL)和比根面积(SRA)均显著高于CK,表明BMW和Aidoora溶液有利于促进甜高粱苗期根系生物量积累和根系吸收能力;甜高粱的RB、TRL和RSA两两间均呈明显的正相关关系,表明根系表面积和总根长均随着根系生物量的升高而增加。综上分析表明,B3A2和B3A3相对于其他BMW和Aidoora混合液体肥,有利于促进甜高粱幼苗根系生物量积累和根系形态建成。     

根钻和图像法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性研究

【目的】研究田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性。【方法】结合田间根钻取样,分别用图像法(DT-SCAN图像软件分析法)和直尺法(常规人工直尺测量法)测量根长密度,通过2002―2013年试验获得的3423对根长密度数据分析图像法的精确性,使用根均方差描述图像法测定值(模拟值)与直尺法测定值(观测值)之间的一致性。【结果】2种方法测定根长密度的相关性较好,图像法的精确性较高。对可能影响图像法精确性的因素分析表明:(1)在不同种植模式下图像法的精确性表现为小麦单种模式棉花单种模式麦棉套种模式;(2)随着土壤深度增加,图像法的精确性增加;(3)在麦棉套种模式下图像法的精确性从麦幅到棉幅逐渐提高,在小麦单种模式下行上大于行间,在棉花单种模式下行上小于行间;(4)在棉花开花前图像法的精确性表现为棉花单种模式大于麦棉套种模式,在棉花开花后表现为棉花单种模式小于麦棉套种模式。【结论】田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套(单)种作物根长密度的精确性较高,该方法成本低、测定速度快,能更好地扫描并分析计算棉花的细小侧根,具有较强的先进性和较高的可靠性。     

豌豆根腐病研究进展

根腐病是豌豆根部的重要病害之一,在世界各地豌豆产区均有发生,是制约豌豆产业持续健康发展的因素之一。世界上尚未发现对根腐病完全免疫的豌豆品种,防治方法主要以农业防治和化学防治为主。本文从豌豆根腐病的发生与分布、病原菌的分类及特点、抗性鉴定及评价标准、种质资源、分子标记及防治策略等方面对国内外豌豆根腐病研究现状进行综述。并提出抗病育种和未来豌豆根腐病综合防治的研究方向。     

草莓丝核菌根腐病病原菌鉴定及7种杀菌剂的抑菌作用测定

为了解草莓丝核菌根腐病的病原种类及筛选防治丝核菌根腐病的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、细胞核荧光染色、菌丝融合群测定以及rDNA-ITS的序列分析,对北京和河北承德地区的草莓丝核菌根腐病的病原菌进行了鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种杀菌剂对丝核菌的抑菌作用。结果发现,北京地区的丝核菌为双核丝核菌(binucleate Rhizoctonia,BNR),属于融合群AG-A;河北的丝核菌为立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani,属于融合群AG-4。氟啶胺、吡唑醚菌酯、噻呋酰胺、戊唑醇、咯菌腈、氟硅唑对2种丝核菌均有很强的抑制作用,EC_(50)值为0.063 9～2.485 7μg/mL,抑霉唑的抑制作用较差,EC_(50)值为9.966 8～11.236 8μg/mL。同一种杀菌剂对不同丝核菌的抑制作用存在差异,噻呋酰胺、戊唑醇、氟硅唑、咯菌腈和抑霉唑对立枯丝核菌的抑制作用强于对双核丝核菌。试验结果为生产上合理选用杀菌剂防治草莓丝核菌根腐病提供了科学依据。     

栽培密度对高产大豆根系生长及花荚形成的影响

为探明栽培密度对高产大豆根系生长和花荚形成的影响规律,田间试验设置21.0（D₁）、30.0（D₂）、48.0（D₃）×104株·hm^-2 3种栽培密度,研究了新大豆27号、新大豆8号在0~60 cm土层中根系生长、开花、结荚过程及产量的变化。结果表明,相对于D1,D2、D3密度下新大豆27号总根干重增加了23.68%、18.48%,总根长增加了9.33%、26.72%,新大豆8号总根干重增加了27.25%、19.71%,总根长增加了6.94%、30.80%,且增量以40~60 cm为主;增加至密度D₃时,新大豆27号开花和结荚高峰出现时间较D₁分别推迟了2、8 d,新大豆8号推迟了2、6 d,但二者单位面积的总花数、总荚数、总腔数和总粒数分别较D₁提高了51.92%、10.29%、7.66%、23.05%和49.47%、31.91%、35.40%、16.11%;总花数与始荚期根干重、根长度呈正相关关系,新大豆27号R²值分别为0.8477^*、0.9106^*,新大豆8号R²值分别为0.7531、0.9993^**;总腔数与始粒期根干重、根长度呈正相关关系,新大豆27号R²值分别为0.6954、0.9837^**,新大豆8号R²值分别为0.7902^*、0.9277^*;且根长度与总花数、总腔数的关系比根干重更密切。合理密植显著提高大豆籽粒产量,是密植促进了大豆根系生长,增加了单位面积总根长和深层根量,进而增加了单位面积花数、荚数、腔数和粒数的结果。     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.     

Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a fixed dune at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is critical for vegetation growth in deserts. However, detailed dataregarding the soil moisture distribution in space and time in the Gurbantunggut Desert have not yet been reported. In this study, we conducted a series ofinsitu observation experiments in a fixed sand dune at the southern edge of the GurbantunggutDesert from February 2014 to October 2016, to explore the spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture content, investigate the impact of Haloxylonammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bungeon soil moisture content in its root zone, and examine the factors influencing the soil moisture spatial pattern. One-way analysis of variance,least significant difference testsand correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the soil moisture content exhibited annual periodicity and the temporal variation of soil moisture content throughout a year could be divided into three periods, namely, a moisture-gaining period, a moisture-losing period and a moisture-stable period.According to the temporal and spatial variability, the 0-400 cm soil profile could be divided into two layers: an active layer with moderate variability and a stable layer with weak variability.The temporal variability was larger than the spatial variability in the active layer,and the mean profile soil moisture content at different slope positions displayed the trend of decreasing with increasing relative heightand mainly followed the order of interdunearea>westand east slopes>slope top.The mean profile soil moisture content in the root zone of dead H. ammodendronindividuals was significantly higher than that in the root zones of adult and young individuals, while the soil moisture content in the root zone of adult individuals was slightly higher than that in the root zone of young individuals with no significant difference.The spatial pattern of soil moisture was attributable to the combined effects of snowfall, vegetation and soil texture, whereas the effects of rainfall and evaporation were not significant. The findings may offer a foundation for the management of sandy soil moisture and vegetation restoration in arid areas.     

不同立地类型根灌、滴灌水分扩散规律

为掌握根灌、滴灌在不同立地类型土壤中的水分扩散规律,通过不同灌水梯度试验,采用挖剖面和直观观测法,研究了根灌和滴灌在不同立地类型土壤水分的垂直和水平扩散规律。结果表明:风沙土中根灌、滴灌水分垂直扩散明显小于水平扩散,且灌水时间与扩散速率均呈负相关对数关系。沙质壤土中根灌水分垂直扩散明显小于水平扩散,滴灌则垂直扩散速率大于水平扩散,两者差异不明显;灌水时间与扩散速率呈负相关对数关系。灰棕漠土中根灌初期水分垂直扩散和水平扩散相同,随时间增大,水平扩散速率大于垂直扩散;滴灌则垂直扩散速率大于水平扩散,但两者差异不明显;灌水时间与扩散速率也呈负相关对数关系。总体来看,根灌在不同立地类型土壤中的水分无论垂直扩散速率还是水平扩散速率都表现为:沙质壤土风沙土灰棕漠土;滴灌则无论水平扩散速率还是垂直扩散速率都表现为:灰棕漠土风沙土沙质壤土,两者扩散规律明显不同。     

滴灌紫花苜蓿根层水分稳定同位素特征分析

为了明确滴灌紫花苜蓿根层水分运移,进一步阐明滴灌节水机理,采用液态水稳定氢氧同位素技术,分析了滴灌紫花苜蓿根层水分稳定氢氧同位素分布特征。结果表明,紫花苜蓿根层水分稳定氢氧同位素在下层富集,且随土壤剖面深度的增加同位素富集量有增加的趋势。滴灌条件下,紫花苜蓿根层发育有较多细根,可迅速而高效地利用灌溉水,灌溉后紫花苜蓿对灌溉水的利用不明确偏向于某一深度土层,根层内各土层土壤水均有利用。灌溉前土壤干旱时,滴灌紫花苜蓿以30 cm上下土层土壤水作为主要水分来源的概率较高。