Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars

The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where ¹⁵N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g^?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m^?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g^?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m^?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars.     

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Consortia Associated with Phospho-Compost on Phosphorus Solubilization and Growth of Tomato Seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

ABSTRACT

The exploitation of phosphate mines generates an important quantity of phosphate sludge that remains accumulated and not valorized. In this context, composting with organic matter and rhizospheric microorganisms offers an interesting alternative and that is more sustainable for agriculture. This work aims to investigate the synergetic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and phospho-compost (PC), produced from phosphate-laundered sludge and organic wastes, and their combination on plant growth, phosphorus solubilization and phosphatase activities (alkaline and acid). Inoculated mycorrhizae and bacteria strains used in this study were selected from plant rhizosphere grown on phosphate-laundered sludge. Significant (p < .05) increases in plant growth was observed when inoculated with both consortia and PC (PC+ PSB+ AMF) similar to those recorded in plants amended with chemical fertilizer. Tripartite inoculated tomato had a significantly (p < .05) higher shoot height; shoot and root dry weight, root colonization and available P content, than the control. Co-inoculation with PC and AMF greatly increased alkaline phosphatase activity and the rate of mycorrhizal intensity. We conclude that PC and endophytic AMF and PSB consortia contribute to a tripartite inoculation in tomato seedlings and are coordinately involved in plant growth and phosphorus solubilization. These results open up promising prospects for using formulate phospho-compost enriched with phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) in crop cultivation as biofertilizers to solve problems of phosphate-laundered sludge accumulation.     

生物炭对滨海盐渍土理化性质及玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

以黄河三角洲典型盐化潮土为供试土壤,设置12.5,25.0,50.0,100 g/kg 4个梯度生物炭添加量,通过盆栽试验研究不同添加量下生物炭对滨海盐渍土理化性质及玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,随着生物炭添加量的增加,盐渍土的电导率、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量及易氧化有机碳的含量呈现显著增加的趋势;不同生物炭添加量下,盐渍土的pH、碱解氮含量略有下降,但各添加量处理间差异不显著;而生物炭对盐渍土可交换态钠含量无显著影响。(2)添加适量生物炭(12.5,25.0,50.0 g/kg)可显著提高玉米幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性和根系活力,并降低叶片超氧阴离子产生速率和过氧化氢含量,从而改善玉米幼苗的生理性状;然而,较高的生物炭添加量(100 g/kg)对幼苗抗氧化系统产生不良影响,造成植物体内活性氧的累积。因此,添加适量生物炭可以改善滨海盐渍土的理化性质,并在一定程度上有效改善盐胁迫下玉米幼苗的生理特性,但较高用量对作物抗氧化系统具有抑制作用。     

不同质地土壤玉米秸秆还田配施腐熟剂效应的研究

为研究鉴选不同质地土壤秸秆还田适宜的秸秆腐熟剂,于2017—2018年在西辽河平原灌区中壤土和砂壤土秸秆还田配施人元腐熟剂和中农绿康腐熟剂,以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂为对照,共设置6个处理,测定玉米秸秆腐解率、玉米产量、玉米根系特性和土壤化学性状,研究不同秸秆腐熟剂对玉米产量及土壤特性的影响。结果表明:不同质地土壤2种腐熟剂秸秆腐解率间无显著差异;中壤土2年各处理玉米产量及根系特性、土壤化学性状均表现为人元腐熟剂中农绿康腐熟剂秸秆还田不施腐熟剂,且中农绿康腐熟剂和人元腐熟剂显著高于秸秆还田不施腐熟剂,而2种腐熟剂处理之间无显著差异;砂壤土2年各处理玉米产量及根系特性、土壤化学性状均表现为中农绿康腐熟剂人元腐熟剂秸秆还田不施腐熟剂,且中农绿康腐熟剂显著高于人元腐熟剂和秸秆还田不施腐熟剂。2年不同质地土壤中配施腐熟剂在根系特性、土壤化学性状方面表现为砂壤土配施中农绿康腐熟剂效果优于人元腐熟剂,而中壤土配施2种腐熟剂效果无显著性差异。     

适应玉米的溶磷细菌筛选及其对玉米生长的影响

从石灰性土壤中分离获得4株高效溶磷细菌X5、X6、Z4和Z8,研究其生物学特征,探索其单独及复合的溶磷促生潜能。研究发现菌株X5、X6、Z4和Z8均可以利用玉米根系分泌物作碳源生长。菌株X6和Z4均能产生吲哚乙酸(IAA)和铁载体,菌株Z8可产生IAA不产生铁载体,菌株X5可产生铁载体不产生IAA。盆栽试验结果表明,接种单一溶磷菌及4株菌复合处理均可促进玉米生长,但复合菌群的溶磷促生效果显著高于单一菌株。通过16S r RNA基因序列分析研究菌株的分类地位,初步鉴定X5、X6、Z4、Z8分别为荧光假单孢菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、草假单胞菌(Pseudomonas poae)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。     

大蒜联合收获切根试验台设计与试验

为了提高大蒜联合收获切根作业性能,解决大蒜切根过程中根系一次清除率低、蒜头损伤率高等问题,该文设计了一种大蒜联合收获切根试验台,该试验台主要由毛刷辊、前旋转切刀、夹持输送机构、排序-对齐机构、浮动切根机构等组成,可一次性完成蒜株的根系清理和预切、蒜株排序和对齐、根系浮动切割等作业工序。该文确定了切根装置关键结构参数和作业参数,并对影响切根作业质量的主要因素开展了试验研究。试验结果表明,影响切根作业质量的主次作用因素为夹持输送速度、夹持角度、浮动切刀转速,较优参数组合方案为夹持输送速度1.05 m/s、夹持角度79°、浮动切刀转速2 200 r/min(切割线速度为17.3 m/s),此时根系去净率为96.1%,蒜头伤损率为2.39%,满足大蒜切根作业质量要求。该文研究结果可为大蒜联合收获切根装置的设计提供参考。     

盐生植物根系增强土体抗剪强度效应试验研究

以大柴旦盐湖区及其周边地区作为试验区,选取海韭菜、芦苇2种优势盐生植物作为供试种,通过对2种盐生植物根—土复合体试样和素土试样进行剪切试验,探讨了盐生植物根系对土体抗剪强度增强作用以及土体抗剪强度的影响因素。结果表明:2种植物根—土复合体试样粘聚力值为13.48~21.87kPa,不含根系素土试样粘聚力值为8.45kPa,与不含根系素土相比,根—土复合体的粘聚力值增长量为5.03~13.42kPa,其增长幅度为59.53%~158.82%;海韭菜根—土复合体试样粘聚力值大于芦苇,2种盐生植物根—土复合体试样粘聚力值与2种盐生植物在一定范围内的根系含量之间呈正相关关系,同时一定程度上表明了试验区2种植物根系增强土体强剪强度的机制表现为,在一定范围内根—土复合体中根系密度和数量愈高则其对土体抗剪强度增强程度相对愈显著,且海韭菜对土体粘聚力的增强作用显著大于芦苇。该研究成果对研究区以及与该区地质条件相类似的其他地区利用盐生植物增强土体抗剪强度,以实现有效地防治地表水土流失、浅层滑坡等地质灾害具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。     

东北雨养区覆膜和种植密度对玉米田间土壤水分和根系生长的影响

为探讨东北雨养区玉米生长状况和田间水分对种植密度和地膜覆盖的响应,2015年在沈阳农业大学水利学院试验场设置了低(67 500株/hm~2)、中(82 500株/hm~2)、高(97 500株/hm~2)3个种植密度水平和覆膜、裸地2种方式的玉米田间试验,根据试验结果分析了土壤水分、玉米根系及其产量变化。结果表明:(1)在0—20cm土层中,整个生育期内,覆膜对于低密度处理的土壤田间含水率影响显著(p0.05),生育前期、中期和末期覆膜比裸地田间含水率分别提高了9.80%,15.93%,12.77%;在20—40cm土层中,生育前期,中密度覆膜种植的玉米田间含水率比裸地高13.83%(p0.05);在40—60cm土层中,覆膜对中密度玉米土壤含水率影响显著(p0.05),生育前期、中期、后期覆膜比裸地处理的土壤含水率分别提高了15.47%,4.11%,8.96%。(2)种植密度对玉米根系的根长、总投影面积、总根体积和根系表面积均有显著影响,随着种植密度的增加,四者均呈减小趋势;在种植密度相同时,覆膜相比裸地提高了玉米根系的根长、总投影面积、根系总体积和根系表面积;中密度时,覆膜对玉米根系的4项指标提高最为显著(p0.05),分别比裸地提高了44%,38%,38%,33%。(3)玉米产量随着种植密度的增加而减小,当密度为67 500株/hm~2时,玉米产量和百粒重均最大,百粒重为36.83g,产量为12 573.69kg/hm~2。结果说明:在水肥条件相同情况下,玉米种植存在一个最优密度,在最优密度内,玉米产量随着密度的增加而增加,超过了最优密度产量呈现减少趋势。研究结果对东北雨养区种植密度和覆盖方式的优化组合提供了理论依据,对提高雨水利用效率和玉米产量也具有参考意义。     

含植被坡体稳定性的年际变化规律研究

植被对边坡稳定的影响主要体现在2方面,一是植物地上部分的自重以及风荷载对坡面的压力;二是植物根系的固土作用.植物种类和生长期对含植被坡体土壤抗剪强度的影响随植物的生长发育过程而变化,且这种变化难以量化.本文通过构建单株植物模型,分析含有不同类型植被的浅层均质土坡安全系数的年际变化规律.结果表明,在综合考虑植被自重、风荷载和根系的影响条件下,含侧柏和荆条的坡体安全系数会随着植物的生长发育逐渐增大,分别在树龄为50年和30年左右达到峰值1.549和1.817,随后趋于稳定,二者的峰值安全系数较植被种植初期分别增加46.8％和54.9％.植被自重和风荷载减弱坡体的稳定性,其中植被自重影响相对较小,使含侧柏和荆条坡体的安全系数分别降低0.1％和0.7％,而风荷载的影响较为明显,使其安全系数分别降低5.9％和5.8％.研究结果可为正确评估坡体稳定性以及布设植物护坡措施提供一定的科学参考.     

铝胁迫下根系分泌物对栝楼光合特性及耐铝性的影响

以耐铝性较强的安国栝楼和耐铝性较弱的浦江栝楼为对比试验材料,在土培条件下探究300μmol/L和800μmol/L铝胁迫下不同浓度(30,20,10ml/株)根系分泌物对2种栝楼的生长特性、光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,经过2个浓度的铝处理后,安国栝楼和浦江栝楼生长均受到一定抑制,生物量、叶绿素a/b含量、叶绿素荧光、CAT、POD、SOD酶活性均呈下降趋势,而MDA、初始荧光(F_0)呈相反的变化趋势,2种栝楼的各指标变化程度和敏感性表现出一定的差异性,表明2种栝楼的耐铝性存在差异。加入适宜浓度的根系分泌物能够促进2种栝楼的生长,提高叶绿素a、b含量以及各个荧光参数值和CAT、POD、SOD等抗氧化酶活性,从而缓解了铝胁迫。较低浓度的根系分泌物可以缓解铝胁迫对栝楼的伤害;浓度过高时,2种栝楼的生长均会受到抑制,20ml/株的根系分泌物对栝楼铝胁迫的缓解作用最佳。因此,今后在红壤地区栝楼的生产种植中,可以进一步开展根系分泌物对栝楼影响机制的研究工作,为栝楼品种的推广与应用奠定基础。