A faster inoculation assay for Armillaria using herbaceous plants

Armillaria (honey fungus) is a virulent necrotrophic pathogen that causes Armillaria root disease. Conventional Armillaria inoculation assays use young saplings as hosts and consequently are cumbersome, frequently conducted outdoors, and take many years from establishment to analysis of infection. We have developed and evaluated a faster inoculation assay for Armillaria that uses herbaceous plants as hosts, is carried out in controlled conditions, and reduces experimental durations to 3 months. Plant species of known susceptibility to Armillaria and comparisons between virulent A. mellea and opportunistic A. gallica were used to validate the assay. Mortality and diagnostic symptoms of Armillaria root disease such as epiphytic rhizomorphs and mycelial fans were used to assess levels of infection. We also attempted to reduce assay preparation time by substituting woody inocula with agar inocula, but typical symptoms of Armillaria root disease were only observed on plants infected with woody inocula. Through our assay, we identified five new potential herbaceous hosts of Armillaria: Kniphofia hirsuta, Hordeum vulgare, Lobelia cardinalis, Nicotiana tabacum and Helenium hoopesii – further expanding the extensive list of plants with susceptibility to Armillaria and suggesting infection of herbaceous species may be more widespread than currently acknowledged.     

牛角瓜根的抑菌活性研究

以牛角瓜根为实验材料,采用索氏提取法,以4种不同溶剂(石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、甲醇)对牛角瓜的根进行提取,并采用纸片琼脂扩散法对粗提物的抑菌活性进行了评价,供试菌包括白色念珠菌等6种真菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等7种细菌。结果表明:石油醚粗提物对枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉菌、大肠埃希氏菌都表现出良好的抑菌活性,且抑菌效果接近或优于阳性对照氟康唑,对尖孢镰刀菌和鲍曼不动杆菌也表现出良好的抑菌活性;氯仿粗提物对白色念珠菌及粪链球菌表现出良好的抑菌活性;乙酸乙酯粗提物对粪链球菌表现出最好的抑菌活性;甲醇粗提物的抑菌活性较弱。     

生物有机液体混合肥对甜高粱根系形态特征的影响

为揭示生物液体有机混合肥对陕北农牧交错区青贮饲草作物根系形态特征的影响,通过盆栽控制试验,以甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor L.)为材料,设置不同浓度的生物活性水(BMW)(B1、B2、B3和B4)和Aidoora溶液(A1、A2和A3)处理,并测定甜高粱幼苗期的根系形态特征。结果表明:在大多数单一液体肥和混合液体肥下,甜高粱的根系生物量(RB)、根冠比(RSR)、根系体积(RV)、总根长(TRL)、根系表面积(RSA)、平均根直径(RAD)、比根长(SRL)和比根面积(SRA)均显著高于CK,表明BMW和Aidoora溶液有利于促进甜高粱苗期根系生物量积累和根系吸收能力;甜高粱的RB、TRL和RSA两两间均呈明显的正相关关系,表明根系表面积和总根长均随着根系生物量的升高而增加。综上分析表明,B3A2和B3A3相对于其他BMW和Aidoora混合液体肥,有利于促进甜高粱幼苗根系生物量积累和根系形态建成。     

根钻和图像法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性研究

【目的】研究田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套种及单种作物根长密度的精确性。【方法】结合田间根钻取样,分别用图像法(DT-SCAN图像软件分析法)和直尺法(常规人工直尺测量法)测量根长密度,通过2002―2013年试验获得的3423对根长密度数据分析图像法的精确性,使用根均方差描述图像法测定值(模拟值)与直尺法测定值(观测值)之间的一致性。【结果】2种方法测定根长密度的相关性较好,图像法的精确性较高。对可能影响图像法精确性的因素分析表明:(1)在不同种植模式下图像法的精确性表现为小麦单种模式棉花单种模式麦棉套种模式;(2)随着土壤深度增加,图像法的精确性增加;(3)在麦棉套种模式下图像法的精确性从麦幅到棉幅逐渐提高,在小麦单种模式下行上大于行间,在棉花单种模式下行上小于行间;(4)在棉花开花前图像法的精确性表现为棉花单种模式大于麦棉套种模式,在棉花开花后表现为棉花单种模式小于麦棉套种模式。【结论】田间根钻取样结合计算机图像软件分析方法测定棉麦套(单)种作物根长密度的精确性较高,该方法成本低、测定速度快,能更好地扫描并分析计算棉花的细小侧根,具有较强的先进性和较高的可靠性。     

Genetic diversity of the pine pathogen Lecanosticta acicola in Slovenia and Croatia

Brown spot needle blight (BSNB), a disease of pine trees caused by the fungus Lecanosticta acicola, has been known in Slovenia since 2008 and in Croatia since 1975. Recent outbreaks in Slovenia prompted this study to compare L. acicola populations in these two neighbouring European countries. Sixty-nine isolates collected from three pine species (Pinus mugo, P. halepensis and P. nigra) were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure, and reproductive strategy of the pathogen. EF1-α sequences showed that Slovenian and Croatian isolates share a common ancestry with individuals from central and northern Europe. Population structure analysis revealed four distinct population clusters of L. acicola in these two countries, generally corresponding to their respective geographic location and host. An unequal ratio of mating types and a low overall genetic diversity in the population indicated a strong influence of asexual reproduction. Although some of the oldest recorded European occurrences of BSNB are from Croatia, this study provided no evidence that the population studied in Croatia was the source of the sampled outbreaks in Slovenia. Recent outbreaks of L. acicola in Slovenia are most likely due to introductions from other, yet to be identified, sources.     

豌豆根腐病研究进展

根腐病是豌豆根部的重要病害之一,在世界各地豌豆产区均有发生,是制约豌豆产业持续健康发展的因素之一。世界上尚未发现对根腐病完全免疫的豌豆品种,防治方法主要以农业防治和化学防治为主。本文从豌豆根腐病的发生与分布、病原菌的分类及特点、抗性鉴定及评价标准、种质资源、分子标记及防治策略等方面对国内外豌豆根腐病研究现状进行综述。并提出抗病育种和未来豌豆根腐病综合防治的研究方向。     

草莓丝核菌根腐病病原菌鉴定及7种杀菌剂的抑菌作用测定

为了解草莓丝核菌根腐病的病原种类及筛选防治丝核菌根腐病的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、细胞核荧光染色、菌丝融合群测定以及rDNA-ITS的序列分析,对北京和河北承德地区的草莓丝核菌根腐病的病原菌进行了鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种杀菌剂对丝核菌的抑菌作用。结果发现,北京地区的丝核菌为双核丝核菌(binucleate Rhizoctonia,BNR),属于融合群AG-A;河北的丝核菌为立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani,属于融合群AG-4。氟啶胺、吡唑醚菌酯、噻呋酰胺、戊唑醇、咯菌腈、氟硅唑对2种丝核菌均有很强的抑制作用,EC_(50)值为0.063 9～2.485 7μg/mL,抑霉唑的抑制作用较差,EC_(50)值为9.966 8～11.236 8μg/mL。同一种杀菌剂对不同丝核菌的抑制作用存在差异,噻呋酰胺、戊唑醇、氟硅唑、咯菌腈和抑霉唑对立枯丝核菌的抑制作用强于对双核丝核菌。试验结果为生产上合理选用杀菌剂防治草莓丝核菌根腐病提供了科学依据。     

栽培密度对高产大豆根系生长及花荚形成的影响

为探明栽培密度对高产大豆根系生长和花荚形成的影响规律,田间试验设置21.0（D₁）、30.0（D₂）、48.0（D₃）×104株·hm^-2 3种栽培密度,研究了新大豆27号、新大豆8号在0~60 cm土层中根系生长、开花、结荚过程及产量的变化。结果表明,相对于D1,D2、D3密度下新大豆27号总根干重增加了23.68%、18.48%,总根长增加了9.33%、26.72%,新大豆8号总根干重增加了27.25%、19.71%,总根长增加了6.94%、30.80%,且增量以40~60 cm为主;增加至密度D₃时,新大豆27号开花和结荚高峰出现时间较D₁分别推迟了2、8 d,新大豆8号推迟了2、6 d,但二者单位面积的总花数、总荚数、总腔数和总粒数分别较D₁提高了51.92%、10.29%、7.66%、23.05%和49.47%、31.91%、35.40%、16.11%;总花数与始荚期根干重、根长度呈正相关关系,新大豆27号R²值分别为0.8477^*、0.9106^*,新大豆8号R²值分别为0.7531、0.9993^**;总腔数与始粒期根干重、根长度呈正相关关系,新大豆27号R²值分别为0.6954、0.9837^**,新大豆8号R²值分别为0.7902^*、0.9277^*;且根长度与总花数、总腔数的关系比根干重更密切。合理密植显著提高大豆籽粒产量,是密植促进了大豆根系生长,增加了单位面积总根长和深层根量,进而增加了单位面积花数、荚数、腔数和粒数的结果。     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.