水土保持边坡固化植草技术研究

通过建立4种形式的边坡植草护坡处理试验小区,并对每种处理各设2组重复试验小区,对边坡防护效果及草籽出芽生长情况进行对比试验。研究结果表明,结合土壤固化剂和撒播草籽进行边坡表土处理后,草籽能够正常萌芽及生长,而且边坡表土层的抗冲刷能力明显增强,坡面侵蚀细沟显著减少。实践证明,边坡固化植草是一种行之有效的护坡绿化技术方法。     

坡耕地蓄水保土耕作技术措施的探讨

根据黄土丘陵区自然环境、社会经济条件,因地制宜地采取与其相适应的水土保持耕作技术措施,以利于蓄水、保土、培肥地力,提高单产,退耕陡坡,还林还草,促使农业生态系统逐渐向良性循环转变。为此,在大面积推广水平沟种植的基础上,进行了覆盖、留茬倒垄、沟内加土挡,坡地草田带状间作轮种、粮草灌宽带间作、川平地覆膜间作套种、深耕密植等水保耕作技术措施的试验研究,并对各种技术措施的蓄水、挡泥、培肥地力、增产增收效益作了评价。     

Application of low‐phosphorus‐containing legume residues reduces extractable phosphorus in a tropical Ultisol

Application of legume green manure (GM) is suggested to be effective in increasing the availability of native soil phosphorus (P) and the dissolution and utilization of phosphate rock (PR)‐P by food crops. Experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of extractable P (P extracted by Bray‐1‐extracting solution) of an Ultisol amended with or without GM residues of contrasting P concentrations in the absence of growing plants. In two separate experiments, GM residues of Aschynomene afraspera (a flood‐tolerant legume) and of Crotalaria micans (upland) with varying P concentrations were added to an acidic soil amended with PR‐P or triple superphosphate (TSP) in plastic bottles. Soil moisture was brought to field capacity of the soil in the upland experiment and saturated with distilled water in the lowland setup. This was done to simulate aerobic upland and anaerobic lowland soil conditions in the relevant plastic bottles. Only P concentration of the residues added varied, while lignin and C : N ratios were similar. A temperature of 25°C was maintained throughout the experiment. Changes in soil extractable Bray‐1‐P were measured at the end of the incubation period (60 or 80 d). In the aerobic soils, extractable P in the combined PR+GM or TSP+GM treatments was significantly lower than in the PR‐ or TSP‐ treated soils. The amendment with GM residues alone significantly increased Bray‐1‐P over the unamended control in the case of the inorganic P‐fertilized GM residues. The trend in extractable P was similar in the soils incubated under anaerobic conditions. However, in the case of PR, concentrations of P extracted by Bray‐1 solution did not significantly change in the presence or absence of GM. The results suggest that the incorporation of GM residues with low P concentration does not lead to a net P release in upland or lowland soils. These results have implications for nutrient cycling in farming systems in W Africa as most of the soils are poor and very low in available P.     

三峡库区坡耕地粮经果复合垄作技术效益评价

坡耕地水土流失对三峡库区生态环境和农业可持续性发展构成双重压力。以聚土垄作与农林复合为基础,组装坡耕地粮经果复合垄作技术。结果表明:该技术不仅培肥土壤,增加土壤水有效性,减少水土流失,而且显著提高土地生产力,发挥了较好的立体农业生态经济效益,为三峡库区坡耕地的利用与保护提供了技术支撑。     

表层土壤容重对黄土坡面养分随径流迁移的影响

农田化学物质随地表径流迁移的问题,既是农业问题,又是水环境问题。地表土壤容重是影响土壤溶质随径流迁移的重要因素之一。通过室内模拟试验,研究了降雨条件下土壤容重对黄土区坡面土壤氮、磷和钾随径流迁移过程的影响。结果表明,随着土壤容重增大,初始产流时间提早,径流系数增大,土壤流失量增多,土壤磷和钾流失量也随之增大。径流养分浓度变化对土壤容重响应程度的大小次序是：NO3ˉ-N〉PO4^3-P〉K^＋。径流养分流失率过程曲线存在“峰值点”,它是土壤容重、溶质理化特性以及土壤水文参数综合作用的结果。通过数学模拟,进一步证实了幂函数是模拟黄土区非饱和水流条件下养分流失过程的最佳模型。本研究为深入理解黄土坡面径流溶质迁移机理提供了参考。     

Characteristics of Brittle Failure and Stress Drop Under Triaxial Loading and Unloading

The characteristics of deformation failure and stress brittle drop of granite under loading and unloading conditions are studied respectively based on two unloading stress path cases and conventional triaxial compression experiments. The experiments show that the primary deformation of rock is rebound or tension in the (main) unloading direction, but plastic deformation in the non or sub unloading direction is not significant. And the curves of stress strain after peak strength present obvious brittle. Whilst the primary deformation of rock under loading is axial pressure deformation, and plastic deformation increases with the raise of confining pressure. The fracture is characterized by strong tensile, and all tensile cracks are fully developed. Furthermore, when the rock samples are unloaded in two directions, and even normal to unloading direction, sub unloading annular tensile cracks are produced. The shear fractures is obvious comparatively when confining pressure becomes higher, and it develops following tensile cracks with more micro tension cracks formed in two sides along shear plane. But the fracture is characterized by shear under conventional triaxial compression with little tensile cracks; the coefficients of brittles stress drop of granite is increased with the growth of confining pressure under conventional triaxial compression and reduced under unloading. When the initial confining pressure is the same, the coefficients of brittles stress drop under unloading is less than that under loading. In SchemeⅡ, the coefficients of brittles stress drop reaches negative when initial confining pressure is up to 30 MPa, and the one （R）is RⅢ>RⅠ>RⅡ in three test cases.     

Seepage Characteristics of Rock during Damage Process

Four evolution patterns of rock permeability in damage process are summarized. And how rock pore, micro cracks and lithology form the four patterns of rock permeability evolution is analyzed. The impact of confining pressure on permeability is also presented. The permeability reduces along with the increase of confining pressure before rock failure, however, it is complex after rock failure, and it is necessary to do further research. Statistical analysis is carried out to analyze the variation range of permeability in the process of damage, which shows soft rocks vary less while hard rocks vary more. In the experiments in which the confining pressure is between 1 MPa to 40 MPa, permeability variation of 85.9% rock is within 100 times, 97% within 1000 times. Furthermore, the difference between instability of seepage and that of structure under the function of seepage is distinguished. It is proposed that the presence or absence of non-Darcy flow should be considered from the point of effective stress law.     

The fractal characterization of pore structure for some numerical rocks and prediction of permeabilities

This paper uses the fractal theory of pore structures for porous media to study the fractal characterization of pore structure for nine numerical rocks. The results show that the fractal dimension of solid phase is usually greater than the pore fractal dimension, and its fractal scaling regions is less than the one of pore phase. This indicates that the numerical rock is an approximate two-phase fractal porous media. The porosities, volume fractions and permeabilities of nine numerical rocks are predicted. The results show that the fractal theory about pore structures of numerical rocks is effective in describing the porosity and permeability. Moreover, it seems to be more effective for solid phase in approximate two-phase fractal porous media. When predicting permeability using the fractal theory, it is very important to accurately determine the maximum pore size and the range of statistical self-similarity. By comparing the two kinds of predicted permeabilities,it is found that the FT method used by this paper is more accurate, more general and less computational cost than the PNEM method which has been worldwide used.     

人工植被坡面产流问题研究进展

随着山坡水文学的发展，人工植被坡面产流问题的研究在水文学领域中具有十分重要的意义，且受到越来越广泛的重视．分析了人工植被坡面径流的研究现状，并简要论述了坡面产流研究的若干成果及未来展望。     

筛网式消能工的设计

对中小型堰、闸、跌水等渠系建筑物消能设施的选择提出见解,推荐采用筛网式消能工,并且针对筛网式消能工的结构布置、水力计算、消能计算提出一些建议,供水利工作者在实际工作中参考.