Effectiveness of stone bunds in controlling soil erosion on cropland in the Tigray Highlands, northern Ethiopia

Abstract Use of stone bunds to enhance soil and water conservation was first introduced to Tigray, northern Ethiopia in 1981. This study was designed to examine the factors that control the effectiveness of bunds installed on cropland. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of soil loss and sediment accumulation were conducted on 202 plots at 12 representative sites in Dogu'a Tembien district. Mean annual soil loss from the foot of the bunds due to tillage erosion was estimated at 39kgm⁻¹yr⁻¹ or 20tha⁻¹yr⁻¹, a rate which decreased with increasing age of bund. The assessed mean annual soil loss rate by sheet and rill erosion in the absence of stone bunds is 57tha⁻¹yr⁻¹. The mean measured annual rate of sediment accumulation behind the stone bunds is 119kgm⁻¹yr^−1/sp or 59tha⁻¹yr⁻¹. The measurements show that the introduction of stone bunds to the region has led to a 68% reduction in annual soil loss due to water erosion. This reduction is due to the accumulation of sediment behind the stone bunds, which occurs faster in the early years after construction and decreases as the depression behind the bunds becomes filled with sediment. New stone bunds are particularly effective in trapping sediment in transport, but regular maintenance and increase in height of the bunds is necessary to maintain their effectiveness. The average USLE P factor for stone bunds in the study area is estimated to be 0.32.     

砒砂岩地区小流域毛沟侵蚀特性分析

为探讨砒砂岩地区毛沟的形成机理,以内蒙鄂尔多斯市东一支沟小流域2005-05地形及毛沟特征要素详细测量数据为基础,分析了该流域的毛沟分布规律。结果表明,该流域毛沟数量和单位面积毛沟长度从下游到上游呈递增趋势;按毛沟的成因将其划分为自侵式毛沟和汇入式毛沟两类,并从毛沟数量、沟底比降、毛沟长度、沟底宽、沟深等方面分析了这两类毛沟的主要特征。研究结果有利于深化人们对砒砂岩地区小流域毛沟侵蚀特性的认识。     

高速公路边坡防护的降雨和径流冲刷试验研究

烧荒,是指人为地点燃田野上的牧草,使其成片焚烧。鉴于烧荒的危害性大,且在农村具有普遍性,针对这一问题,结合沂蒙山区的实际,作了一些探讨,以期能为解决烧荒问题提供一点借鉴。 就沂蒙山区来说,烧荒的主要表现形式有4种。(1)农民在野外上坟烧香燃纸时引起的烧荒,约占总烧荒数的40%;(2)农民在田头焚烧庄稼秸秆时引起的烧荒,约占25%;(3)有些少年在野外点火取乐时引起烧荒,约占15%;(4)农民在野外劳动或     

次降雨下砒砂岩坡面细沟形态发育及其对侵蚀产沙的影响

[目的]以水蚀剧烈的砒砂岩区裸露坡面为研究对象,分析次降雨下坡面细沟形态演变及侵蚀产沙特征,以期为坡面沟蚀发育演变及坡面水土流失治理提供理论依据。[方法]基于野外径流小区原位监测试验,采用三维激光扫描仪监测径流小区两个雨季13次自然降雨下细沟发育过程及产流产沙规律。[结果](1)小区内细沟发育过程分为4个阶段：跌坎发育—断续细沟—连续细沟—沟网形成;(2)细沟长度、宽度、深度及细沟体积、细沟密度、细沟复杂度均随着降雨的继续呈上升趋势,而细沟宽深比呈下降趋势;(3)研究区内中雨对细沟发育贡献最大,其发生频率为53.69%,对细沟形态的影响占比71.25%。[结论]细沟形态变化对产沙的影响较大,细沟出现后产沙量明显上升,产沙量与细沟发育过程对应关系较好,而对产流过程的影响有限,尤其细沟体积与产沙量及含沙量的相关性最强。     

横坡垄作下雨型对褐土坡面细沟侵蚀过程的影响

雨型对细沟侵蚀过程起关键作用,而横垄坡面具有独特的细沟侵蚀特征。为定量研究雨型对横垄坡面细沟侵蚀过程的影响,以褐土横垄坡面为研究对象,设计了降雨动能、降雨量和平均雨强相同的4种雨型,采用可同时调节垄向和坡面坡度的土槽进行模拟降雨,分析了各雨型下细沟发育形态、产流产沙特征和细沟水流的水动力特性等。结果表明:雨型间细沟沟头溯源、沟壁崩塌和沟底下切侵蚀速率的不同导致细沟形态具有明显差异,增加-减弱型、减弱-增加型和减弱型的沟宽和沟深较增加型分别增加158.8%和38.9%,115.7%和-27.8%,21.6%和-33.3%,相应宽深比的增加率分别为14.9%,60.4%,82.6%。雨型间的细沟径流量和侵蚀量均差异显著,径流量为增加-减弱型>减弱-增加型>减弱型>增加型,而侵蚀量为增加-减弱型>减弱型>减弱-增加型>增加型。4种雨型下产沙率与径流率之间均符合幂函数关系,但增加-减弱型、减弱型和减弱-增加型方程中的指数较增加型(0.54)分别增加2.52,2.46,1.46倍。雨型间差异最大的水力学参数为雷诺数,侵蚀动力参数则为水流功率;增加-减弱型、减弱-增加型和减弱型的雷诺数和水流功率较增加型分别显著增加107.0%和106.8%,42.2%和41.9%,16.6%和16.7%。研究结果有助于深入理解横坡垄作对坡面细沟侵蚀过程的作用机制,并为横坡垄作措施的合理利用提供依据。     

土石混合崩积体坡面细沟跌坑发育试验研究

为了探究土石混合崩积体坡面细沟跌坑发育情况,采用室内放水冲刷试验,通过设置4个流量(2,4,8,12 L/min)和4种砾石含量的土石混合崩积物(砾石质量比例0,10%,30%,50%),研究不同条件下细沟跌坑的发育特征。结果表明:在不同冲刷时段,跌坑数量变化为3～17个,跌坑平均深度为1.10～5.93 cm,细沟纵断面形态系数为2.97～19.97。各跌坑参数随冲刷时间的延长总体呈增大趋势,部分坡面在5 min或7.5 min时出现最大值;跌坑参数随流量的增加总体呈先增大后减小趋势,8 L/min流量条件下出现最大值,而随着砾石含量增加总体呈增大趋势;流量对跌坑发育的影响大于砾石含量。各跌坑参数与流速、阻力系数及曼宁粗度系数密切相关,径流剪切力是描述跌坑发育的最适合水动力学指标,可用线性函数表达。     

黄土坡面细沟沟头溯源侵蚀的量化研究

沟头溯源侵蚀占坡面细沟侵蚀量的60%以上。该文运用立体摄影测量技术和人工模拟径流冲刷的方法,研究不同流量和坡度下沟头溯源侵蚀过程及其产沙特征,探讨沟头下切造成的地表形态变化对坡面产沙的影响。结果表明:1)坡面产沙率和沟头溯源侵蚀速率随流量和坡度的增加而增大。流量每增加1 L/min,产沙率增加0.59~5.34倍;坡度从15°增加到20°,产沙率增加14.0%~89.7%。2)当流量小于或等于2 L/min时,产沙率在试验初期增加较快,而后缓慢上升;当流量大于2 L/min时,产沙率始终保持快速上升趋势,沟头溯源长度达到100 cm所需时间较流量为1 L/min时缩短12 min以上。3)坡度对沟头溯源侵蚀速率的影响随流量的增加逐渐减弱。4)细沟长度随时间的变化受流量和坡度的影响,其值可由线性增函数表达;产沙率受沟头溯源侵蚀速率、沟头跌坎高度和沟头下方沟槽内发育的二级沟头数影响,其值可由多元非线性回归方程表示。研究结果可为沟头溯源侵蚀预报模型建立和坡面水土保持措施布设提供理论依据。     

野外模拟降雨条件下矿区土质道路径流产沙及细沟发育研究

为研究矿区土质道路径流产沙及细沟形态发育特征,在野外调查的基础上,设计坡度(3°、6°、9°、12°)和雨强(0.5、1.0、2.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 mm/min)2个处理,在野外建立不同坡度的道路小区,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,测定了不同处理道路径流产沙参数和细沟形态指标。结果表明:1)各坡度道路径流率为1.12~8.24 L/min,与雨强线性关系极显著,随坡度变化不显著;除0.5 mm/min雨强3°~9°坡及1.0 mm/min雨强3°坡道路径流流态为层流外,其余为紊流,雨强-坡度交互作用(I×S)对流态影响显著;阻力系数只与坡度相关。2)各坡度道路剥蚀率为0.92~324.46 g/(m2·s),与雨强、坡度和径流率呈极显著幂函数关系(R2=0.968,P0.01),道路土壤发生剥蚀的临界剪切力和临界径流功率分别为2.15 N/m2和0.41 W/(m2·s)。3)3°道路以片状侵蚀为主,6°~12°道路细沟发育,细沟宽深比、复杂度、割裂度和细沟密度分别为1.80~3.75、1.07~1.55、0.20%~10.33%和0.067~2.01 m/m2,细沟发育程度是雨强和坡度交互作用(I×S)的结果。4)6°~12°道路细沟侵蚀量占总侵蚀量比例为18.0%~57.16%,总侵蚀量与细沟宽深比、细沟复杂度、细沟割裂度和细沟密度均呈显著的函数关系(R2=0.35~0.96,P≤0.01),割裂度是影响土质道路总侵蚀量的最佳细沟形态因子。结果可为矿区土质道路水土保持工程设计及生产安全提供参数支持。     

Soil loss,soil degradation and rehabilitation in a degraded land area in Guarapuava (Brazil)

Erosion and soil degradation are environmental impacts recognized worldwide. The degraded areas in the Guarapuava region are small (patchy). However, these areas are important sources of sediment that affects water quality in rural catchments and could threaten farm sustainability because farmers in this region generally have only a small area for cultivation. This paper presents a case study at a field scale that explores key questions concerning the evaluation of soil erosion, the appraisal of soil degradation and area recovery. This study was carried out over seven years (2002–2008). Several different measurement procedures were employed including assessment of soil loss, aggregation distribution, bulk density, total porosity, aggregate water retention and palisade efficiency. The degraded area displayed a very high soil loss (165.2–217.7 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹). The palisades were efficient for sediment retention because they were able to trap 62–88 per cent of the total sediment that originated in the area during the first year when this management technique was applied. After their installation, the retained sediment was gradually enhanced with respect to its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The palisades promoted efficient soil recuperation in spite of the degraded conditions of the degraded area (shallow rills and cohesive soil). The use of palisades together with enclosure of the area was the most efficient method for promoting soil recovery and plant succession. These techniques allowed transformation of the area from a loss system towards an accumulation system with respect to sediment, water, nutrients, organic matter and seeds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土坡面细沟水流流型试验研究

采用组合小区模拟降雨试验方法,对黄土坡面细沟水流流型进行了试验研究。结果表明:(1)细沟水流流型判别指标雷诺数随径流历时的变化,在不同雨强及不同坡度下皆表现为先增大随后转为较平稳的变化过程,皆可用幂函数方程描述;(2)细沟水流平均雷诺数分别随雨强及坡度增大而增大,均可用对数方程很好地描述,随雨强及坡度的变化可用二元幂函数方程描述;(3)细沟水流在不同雨强下几乎一直处于层流状态,两个最大雨强在产流开始9min后变为过渡流,而在不同坡度下也一直处于层流状态,两个最大坡度在产流开始15min后变为过渡流;(4)在试验雨强及坡度条件下,一次降雨径流过程的细沟水流平均雷诺数变化范围为327~457,表明细沟水流流型在试验条件下大致处于层流状态。细沟水流雷诺数随流量的变化呈显著的线性正相关关系。