亏缺灌溉对成龄库尔勒香梨产量与根系生长的影响

研究了亏缺灌溉对成龄库尔勒香梨树营养生长、果实生长与吸收根系分布的影响。香梨的生育中期,设计了4种土壤水分亏缺(灌前土壤水势下限):轻度胁迫(-100 kPa)、中度胁迫(-200 kPa)、重度胁迫(-300 kPa)和对照(-50 kPa)。灌溉系统为地表滴灌。试验结果表明,亏缺灌溉显著地减少了夏季剪枝量,提高了果实产量。充分灌溉条件下,香梨树根长密度从树行由内向外呈递减趋势,滴灌促进了湿润体内的吸收根系的发育;距树行0.5 m,根长密度随着深度的增加而减少;距树行1 m至1.5 m,根长密度随着深度的增加而增加;距树行2 m的非灌溉区,根长密度在垂直方向上变化不显著。为适应滴灌湿润体内水分胁迫,香梨树在湿润体内及非灌溉区的吸收根系的分布均发生了显著的调整。适度水分胁迫下的根长密度增加对香梨产量有促进作用。     

颗粒型燕麦牛乳饮品配方及工艺优化

从配方和工艺2 个角度研究颗粒型燕麦牛乳的稳定性,以离心沉淀率、黏度和感官评分作为评价指标。结果表明：对稳定剂进行优化后,得到最佳复配稳定剂配方为结冷胶添加量0.04%、卡拉胶添加量0.020%、羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.020%、微晶纤维素添加量0.20%;对配料温度、水合时间、均质压力和灌装温度4 个影响体系稳定性的工艺点进行单因素试验,继而设计正交试验,得到最佳参数组合为配料温度50 ℃、水合时间40 min、均质压力30 MPa、灌装温度15 ℃,此条件下产品稳定性最佳,口感良好。     

蓄水坑灌单坑土壤氮素迁移转化的数值模拟

为了提高蓄水坑灌条件下土壤氮素的利用率,建立了蓄水单坑土壤氮素迁移转化的数学模型,利用有限体积法进行了求解,并利用室内蓄水单坑灌施尿素条件下土壤水分和氮素运移转化实测数据进行了验证。结果表明,蓄水单坑灌施尿素1 700 mg/L条件下,土壤铵态氮主要分布在20～70 cm深度范围内,1～3 d内土壤铵态氮含量明显增大,7 d后开始减小;土壤硝态氮主要分布在湿润锋附近,1～7 d内硝化作用逐渐增强,20～70 cm范围内硝态氮浓度不断增大。土壤含水率、湿润锋、铵态氮、硝态氮含量计算值与实测值吻合较好,说明所建立的蓄水单坑土壤氮素迁移转化的数学模型是正确的,采用有限体积法求解是可行的。该模型可较好地模拟蓄水坑灌单坑土壤氮素迁移转化的动态变化。     

Effect of Aquasorb and Organic Compost Amendments on Soil Water Retention and Evaporation with Different Evaporation Potentials and Soil Textures

Abstract

Aquasorb PR3005A, a hydrophilic polymer (a salt copolymer polyacrylamide), and garden waste compost were added to a loamy sand and a loam soil in pots to assess their impact upon soil physical properties at two different evaporation potentials. Compost was mulched and incorporated, the Aquasorb was incorporated, and their effect on temperature and amelioration of soil water content and evaporation was investigated. Mulching with compost reduced evaporation and increased soil temperature. Maize (Zea mays var. single cross 704) was sown in the same pots later, and growth indicator factors (plant height, fresh and dry weight, root weight, and leaf area) were compared. It was concluded that compost mulch application is beneficial to soil water retention whereas compost incorporation did not show these benefits. Compost mulch advances seedling emergence and enhances early growth through hydrologic soil amelioration. High rates of Aquasorb were also beneficial in advancing the emergence and early growth of maize seeded in loamy sand. The hydration capacity of Aquasorb is reduced as the electrolyte concentration and electrical conductivity are increased. Increased electrolyte concentration in soil solution, through drying, may result in gel dehydration and water release at potentials greater than field capacity, which may be lost to drainage. Furthermore, it is concluded that pot experiments with amendments fail to simulate field conditions.     

Effect of the Substrates on the Production of Engrafted Vine Cuttings in Heated Greenhouses

This article highlights the results of a long-term research project on the production of grape stalks engrafted by the desk method. The integrated impact of rootstock varieties, modes of stratification, and different substrates on vegetating vine cuttings, raised in heated greenhouses, and the capacity of their acclimatization after planting was studied. The results of the research show that rootstock variety and modes of stratification influence the output of engrafted vegetating cuttings of vines grown in pots using various substrates. In particular, the engrafted cuttings of variety Rkatsiteli produced on two rootstocks, 5 BB and 101-14, passed stratification (a) in sawdust with local electroheating, (b) on the water with its periodic change, and (c) in the layer of perlite. After preplanting preparations they were planted in pots with six different substrates: (1) soil (control); (2) perlite; (3) sawdust; (4) rice husk + soil + sand (1:1:1); (5) peat + soil + sand (1:1:1); and (6) mold + soil + sand (1:1:1). The cuttings were grown with a covered root system in a heated greenhouse for 35–40 days. Forty-day-old vegetating cuttings, after hardening, were planted into the open ground. Specialties were established during the root and shoot formation on vegetating nursery plant grafts during the rooting period. Optimal substrates for growing engrafted cuttings with a covered root system in heated greenhouses for each rootstock and stratification mode were determined.     

Effects of a plastic cover on soil moisture change in a Mediterranean climatic regime

Water deficit is a serious problem for most agricultural crops, especially in arid–semiarid regions, and limits sustainable development. Production can be improved by reducing evapotranspiration and loss of infiltrated water by the use of a plastic cover. We monitored soil moisture fortnightly over 1 yr using a neutron probe near four trees in an olive grove (Olea europaea, var. Arbequina), two of which had a plastic cover buried in the topsoil around them. These trees were monitored using three neutron probe access tubes per tree to compare the behaviour of soil moisture over time with two other identically instrumented and nearby trees with no cover. Analysis was based on the resultant moisture profiles. The plastic cover retained moisture and increased soil water residence time. During the dry season, the amount of water retained in the plots was at most 15–20% greater in the mid‐season and at least 5–6% greater at the end of season than in the central part of the plots near the trunk. The plastic cover was effective to ca. 50 cm with maximum water content near the soil surface. During the wet season, the cover did not affect soil water. Soil moisture was greater near the tree trunk as a result of stemflow and throughfall.     

Leaching of carbon and nitrogen from a sandy soil substrate: A comparison between suction plates and ion exchange resins

To determine boundary effects on leaching, we investigated (1) how filter materials affect the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate (NO₃‐N) in soil percolates and (2) whether ion exchange resins and suction plates are equally suited to capture NO₃‐N. DOC leaching was higher with PE suction plates and plate material did not affect NO₃‐N leachate concentrations. Cumulative NO₃‐N leaching was similar for glass suction plates and ion exchange resins.     

塔里木河孔雀河中下游地区棉花膜下滴灌节水技术研究

以合理利用和节约有限的水资源为目标,2002年在尉犁县孔雀农场进行了棉花膜下滴灌节水试验。得出:该区棉花膜下滴灌适宜的灌溉量为3 931.5 m3/hm2,最佳产量为皮棉2 997.75kg/hm2。与当地农民大水漫灌方式比较,节约水量8 070~14 070 m3/hm2,增产皮棉747.75 kg/hm2,膜下滴灌是该区目前最节水的棉花灌溉方式之一。     

农业水利工程专业社会实践教学体系研究

结合四川农业大学农业水利工程专业多年实践教学中积累的研究经验,深刻分析大学生学习心理、社会需求以及专业教育中存在的问题,针对社会实践教育的主要问题,构建新形势下我国农业水利工程专业实践教育体系的新模式,成效显著。     

地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应研究

通过小麦盆栽试验,研究向地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应。结果表明,地下滴灌不施药时滴头所在的竖直方向根密度较大,而施加少量氟乐灵后,滴头所在位置处根密度有不同程度降低,说明氟乐灵有抑制小麦根系向滴头附近生长的趋势。施药时间、施药浓度和施药量均对药物排根效应显著影响,其中施药时间为极显著。施药时间越晚,排根范围越小,出苗后50d施药的平均排根范围仅为3.03cm2;施药浓度越小,排根范围越小,浓度为1.5g/L及1.2g/L的排根范围接近,而浓度为0.9g/L的平均排根范围最小,为6.0cm2;施药量越小排根范围越小,施药量为0.023g/滴头的平均排根范围为8.37cm2。