植物耐铝毒害的研究进展

综述了土壤中铝的存在形态、铝对植物产生的毒害以及植物的抗铝毒机理。由于植物的耐铝毒特性受遗传控制，因此通过基因型筛选获得耐铝毒的基因型材料，对于提高酸性土壤上的作物生产力具有重要意义。     

Effects of Genotype and Environment on the Main Components in Cottonseed of Upland Cotton

[Objective] The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cotton genotypes, growth environment, and their interaction on major components in cottonseeds. [Method] Eleven upland cotton cultivars were planted in 10 different locations in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region as research materials. Cottonseeds were collected to determine the contents of six main components including protein content (PC), oil content (OC), gossypol, phytic acid (PA), α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol, then the genotypes, environment, and their interaction effects were analyzed accordingly. [Result] The results showed that the genotypes, environment, and their interaction had extremely significant effect on the protein and oil content in cottonseeds. The environment had extremely significant effect on the gossypol and phytic acid content in cottonseed. The genotypes had extremely significant effect on the gossypol content and had significant effect on the phytic acid content in cottonseed, but their interaction was insignificant. The genotype effects of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol were not significant, but the environmental effects were significant. The differences of tocopherols between different regions reached the extremely significant level. In addition, protein content and oil content were significantly negatively correlated and the sum of the protein and oil contents remained stably at 75%. [Conclusion] In cotton seed quality breeding, not only the differences in varieties, but also the environment and the interaction between varieties and environment should be considered. The expression of the main components of cottonseed is the result of a combination of genotype and ecological environment.     

环境因子与基因型及其互作对甜高粱能源品质影响的综合评价

【目的】探讨甜高粱不同基因型的环境适应性及对其能源品质的影响,为发展甜高粱生物能源产业提供参考依据。【方法】以8个不同品种的甜高粱为材料,在内蒙古巴彦淖尔市、山东滨州市和河北黄骅市分别进行田间试验,基于不同品种在不同地区的产量表现,采用方差分析、神经网络模型和主成分分析,研究了环境因子和基因型及其互作对甜高粱能源品质的影响。【结果】(1)供试的8个甜高粱品种在不同地区的产量指标存在差异,这种差异主要是基因型(G)、环境因子(E)及二者互作共同作用的结果,其中环境因子对甜高粱产量的影响最大。(2)土壤有机质对甜高粱茎秆产量、茎秆产糖量及综合产酒量较重要,土壤全盐含量与茎秆汁液糖锤度重要性比值最高,年降雨量为影响甜高粱籽粒产量的重要环境因子,茎秆出汁率主要受无霜期、土壤pH、有机质和碱解氮的影响。(3)品种823、Sart和M81-E在内蒙古巴彦淖尔市综合品质较好,醇甜2号、辽甜1号、能饲1号在山东滨州市综合品质较好,M81-E、能饲杂1、辽甜1号在河北黄骅市综合品质较好。【结论】甜高粱综合能源品质存在品种和地域差异性,发展甜高粱生物能源需因地制宜。     

Field evaluation of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in maize inbred lines in Kenya and South Africa

Aflatoxin, a carcinogenic toxin, is produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) grain by these fungi occurs before harvest, and the easiest strategy to prevent this is to develop/use maize varieties resistant to Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin accumulation. The objective of this investigation was to identify potential sources of resistance among 23 maize inbred lines (13 obtained from the MAIZE Competitive Grants Initiative, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre and 10 from Agricultural Research Council, South Africa). The inbred lines were planted in a randomized complete-block design at two locations each in Kenya and South Africa. Maize ears were inoculated at silking with three toxigenic strains of A. flavus. The inoculated ears in each plot were harvested at 12–18% moisture, dried, and visually assessed for Aspergillus ear rot (AER). Aflatoxin concentration in the kernels was determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Significant variation for both AER and aflatoxin concentration existed among the inbred lines at both locations in Kenya and one location in South Africa. Combined analysis revealed a significant (p < 0.001) lines × locations interaction for both AER and aflatoxin concentration. Higher incidences of AER (0–86.0%) and aflatoxin concentration (0.21–6.51 µg/kg) were recorded at Kiboko in Kenya than at the other three locations. A stronger genetic correlation (r_G = 0.936, p < 0.0001) between the AER and aflatoxin concentration was recorded in Potchefstroom than at the other three locations. Repeatability of aflatoxin concentration was high at Kiboko (0.87) and Potchefstroom in South Africa (0.74). Three inbred lines, CML247, CML444, and CML495, emerged as potentially useful sources of resistance to AER and aflatoxin accumulation as they showed low levels of aflatoxin contamination in both localities in Kenya and in South Africa.     

Agronomic performance of drought-tolerant maize hybrids in diverse environments of lowland tropics

Assessment of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids for adaptation to diverse environments is crucial for sustainability of maize production and productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 110 hybrids derived from 10 elite drought-tolerant maize inbreds and 11 checks were evaluated at three locations for 2 years in Nigeria to identify high-yielding and stable hybrids using different stability approaches. Mean squares were significant for genotypes (G), environments (E) and genotype x environment interaction (GEI) for grain yield and most other traits. The test environments contributed 83.7% to the total variation in grain yield, whereas G accounted for 5.0% and GEI 11.3%. The repeatability of traits ranged from 0.22 to 0.66. Grain yield of hybrids ranged from 2.1 t ha^?1 for TZEI 17 × TZEI 16 to 4.1 t ha^?1 for TZEI 129 × TZEI 16, with mean yield of 3.1 t ha^?1. The results of additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis and rank summation index were found to be consistent, as both methods identified TZEI 129 × TZEI 16 and (TZEI 17 × TZEI 16) × TZEI 157 as high-yielding and consistent-performing across test environments. The outstanding hybrids should be further tested on-farm to facilitate the registration and commercialization in Nigeria.     

Identification of QTLs associated with spring vegetative budbreak time after dormancy release in pear (Pyrus communis L.)

Dormancy release is greatly affected by chilling unit (CU) accumulation. Lack of CU has a major impact on spring vegetative budbreak (VB). To understand the genetic mechanism governing the chilling requirement (CR), we conducted a QTL analysis of VB date in F₁ population, derived from a cross between ‘Spadona’ (low CR) and ‘Harrow Sweet’ (high CR). Using a unique methodology of tree mobility, replicates of the same genotypes were exposed during the winter, over two consecutive years, to climates that differ greatly in their CU and to the same heat conditions to induce VB, in order to evaluate CR genetic impact and to distinguish it from the heat factor. Broad‐sense heritability within locations ranged from 0.62 to 0.66. Due to a strong impact of GxE interaction, it was reduced to 0.46 for the overall mean. We examined the previously discovered apple QTLs detected in linkage groups (LG) 9 and 8, based on the synteny between the species. Our analysis confirms significant QTLs in LG8 (R² = 12%–24%) and LG9 (R² = 20%–38%) for all locations and years     

浙江省地方菜豆种质资源鉴定与遗传多样性分析

为鉴定浙江省地方菜豆种质遗传多样性,对浙江省历年来收集到的44份菜豆种质进行13个重要农艺性状的田间调查。结果表明,浙江地方菜豆种质在生长习性、嫩荚商品性等性状上均存在丰富的遗传变异。从发表的菜豆BARCBean6K＿3 BeadChip芯片中随机、均匀挑选了185个SNP转化成KASP标记,对44份种质进行基因型鉴定后获得了88个高质量SNP基因型,主成分分析和系统进化树分析发现这些种质可以分为2大类,亚群分化与千粒重高度相关,且浙江省菜豆种质以中美洲基因池为主。研究结果可进一步丰富我国菜豆遗传基础,为地方菜豆资源的高效利用和新品种选育提供科学依据,所开发的KASP标记也可为菜豆种质基础研究提供有力的遗传工具。     

广东省4株PCV2型分离株全基因组进化分析

【目的】了解目前广东省猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)分离株的基因型和进化特征,为广东省PCV2防控及疫苗株的筛选提供参考依据。【方法】运用PCR方法将4份鉴定为PCV2阳性样品进行PCV2全基因组序列扩增、测序及遗传进化分析;利用MegAlign软件对4株PCV2广东分离株ORF2氨基酸序列与国内外参考毒株进行关键位点氨基酸变异分析;应用DNAStar中Protean软件的Jameson-Wolf方法对4株PCV2广东分离株ORF2基因编码的Cap蛋白与4株疫苗株进行抗原指数预测分析。【结果】测序结果表明,4株PCV2广东分离株序列长度均为1 767 bp。遗传进化树结果表明,4株分离株均属于PCV2d基因型,且核苷酸相似性在97.7%～99.1%之间,与国内外54株参考毒株相似性在91.7%～99.8%之间,其中与PhuTho/G40312/2018株(Viet Nam,登录号：LC602996)、QZ1410株(江苏,登录号：MG732832)、GXBB1501211株(广西,登录号：MH756609)亲缘关系最为接近。关键氨基酸位点...     

青海高原型牦牛GHR基因多态性与生长发育的关联性

【目的】探索青海高原型牦牛（Bos grunniens）生长激素受体（growth hormone receptor）基因GHR多态性及其与生长性状的关联性。【方法】以440头同等放牧条件下的30~36月龄健康牦牛为试验群体,PCR扩增其GHR基因,测序后用DNASTAR 7.1软件分析单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点,研究不同基因型及其合并基因型与生长发育指标（体质量、体高、体斜长、胸围和管围）的关联性。【结果】青海高原型牦牛GHR基因上存在g.732091C>G、g.732195A>G和g.732373G>A 3个SNP位点,其中g.732195A>G上存在2种基因型（AA,AG）,g.732091C>G和g.732373G>A上各存在3种基因型（分别为CC、CG、GG和GA、AA、GG）;卡方检验表明,g.732091C>G、g.732195A>G和g.732373G>A均处于Hardy-Weinberg极度不平衡状态,且g.732195A>G为低度多态（PIC＜0.25）,g.732091C>G和g.732373G>A为中度多态（0.25G、g.732195A>G和g.732373G>A能够显著或极显著影响高原型牦牛的体质量和胸围,优势基因型分别为g.732091C>G和g.732373G>A的GG以及g.732195A>G的AA。对合并基因型分析发现,合并基因型 GG-AA-GG个体的生长发育尤其是体斜长表现最佳。【结论】青海高原型牦牛GHR基因有3个SNP位点,因其与青海高原型牦牛的部分生长性状相关,可作为牦牛分子标记辅助选择的候选基因。     

Characteristics of Potassium-Enriched, Flue-Cured Tobacco Genotype in Potassium Absorption, Accumulation, and In-Ward Potassium Currents of Root Cortex

This study was to investigate the main traits of potassium-enriched,flue-cured tobacco genotypes related to potassium absorption,accumulation,and in-ward potassium currents of the root cortex.Hydroponic methods,K -depletion methods,and patch-clamp,whole-cell recordings were conducted to study the accumulation of dry matter and potassium in different organs,and to measure potassium absorption and dynamic and in-ward potassium currents in potassium-enriched,fluecured tobacco genotypes.The average dry weights of leaves and whole plant of potassium-enriched,flue-cured tobacco genotype ND202 were 10.20,and 14.85g,respectively,higher than JYH(8.50 and 13.11g,respectively)and NC2326(8.39 and 12.72g,respectively),when potassium concentration in the solution ranged from 0.1 to 50mmol L-1.Potassium accumulation in the leaves of ND202 was 18.6% higher than JYH and 34% higher than NC2326 when potassium concentration in the solution was superior to 0.5mmol L-1.The Vmax(the maximum velocity)of ND202 was 118.11μmol FW g-1h-1,obviously higher than that of JYH(58.87 μmol FW g-1 h-1)and NC2326(64.40μmol FW g-1 h-1).In the in-ward potassium currents,the absolute value of current density(pA/pF)of ND202 was 60,higher than that of JYH(50)and NC2326(40).Potassium concentration in leaves,Vmax and in-ward potassium currents,could be used to screen potassium-enriched,flue-cured tobacco genotypes.